HUBUNGAN MEROKOK DENGAN NILAI INDEKS ERITROSIT (MCV, MCH, MCHC) PADA MAHASISWA PEROKOK
Abstract
Abstract: Cigarette smoking is world’s major leading causes of death because there are over 4000 dangerous compounds in tobacco smoke. According to the forecast of World Health Organization (WHO), throughout 2020-2030 there will be ten thousands death per year caused by tobacco smoke and 70% occurs in the developing countries. The 2015 European Urology Focus exhibit that approximately more than 120 thousand adult smokers lived in ten ASEAN countries and half of them were in Indonesia (sixty-five thousands smokers). Data from Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) Indonesia by province shows that the highest prevalence of tobacco use in North Sulawesi is 1-10 tobacco per day in average. Several studies suggest that cigarette smoking contributes to affects blood parameters including erythrocyte indices value. Aims: This study aims to determine the correlation between smoking and erythrocyte indices value. Methods: This study uses observational analytic with cross-sectional design that was conducted to 30 smoking students at Faculty of Social and Political Science, Sam Ratulangi University Manado. This study is using Spearman Rank (rho) statistics analysis test and using Shapiro-Wilk for normality analysis test. Results: This study shows that p>0.05 of correlation analysis of smokers to each of erythrocyte indices value consecutively: MCV (p=0.338), MCH (p=0.386) and MCHC (p=0.789). Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between smoking and erythrocyte indices value among smoking-college students.
Keywords: Cigarette smoking, eryhtrocyte indices, smoking-college students.
Abstrak: Merokok merupakan penyebab terbesar kematian di seluruh dunia karena terdapat lebih dari 4000 zat berbahaya terkandung di dalam rokok. Menurut perkiraan World Health Organization (WHO) pada periode 2020-2030 rokok akan menyebabkan 10 juta kematian per tahun, dengan 70% persentasinya terjadi pada negara-negara berkembang. European Urology Focus tahun 2015 menunjukkan bahwa tercatat lebih dari 120 juta perokok dewasa berada di 10 negara ASEAN dan setengah dari angka tersebut berasal dari Indonesia (65 juta). Data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) Indonesia, untuk provinsi Sulawesi Utara menunjukkan pengonsumsian batang rokok yang tertinggi pada jumlah rata-rata 1-10 batang rokok per hari. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rokok dapat memengaruhi parameter darah termasuk nilai indeks eritrosit. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan antara merokok dengan nilai indeks eritrosit pada perokok. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat analitik observasional dengan rancangan penelitian potong lintang yang dilakukan pada 30 mahasiswa perokok di Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah Spearman Rank (rho) dengan uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk. Hasil: Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil p>0,05 pada masing-masing uji statistik merokok dengan indeks eritrosit MCV (p=0,338), MCH (p=0,386) dan MCHC (p=0,789). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan bermakna antara merokok dengan nilai indeks eritrosit pada mahasiswa perokok.
Kata Kunci: merokok, indeks eritrosit, mahasiswa perokok.References
Taylor AL, Bettcher DW. 2000. WHO Framework Convention On Tobacco Control; A Global Good For Public Health. Buletin of the WHO; 78(7):920-29.
Temperance RR, Robbert T. Will Chronic E-Cigarette Use Cause Lung Disease? Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2015; 309(12): L1398-L1409. PMCID: PMC468331.
Green CR, Rodgman A. The Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference: A Half Century Forum For Advances In Analytical Methodology of Tobacco and Its Products. Recent Adv Tobacco Sci 1996; 22:131–304.
Nururramah. Pengaruh Rokok Terhadap Kesehatan Dan Pembentukan Karakter Manusia. Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Karakter Palopo. Fakultas SAINS Universitas Cokroaminoto Palopo. 2014; Vol. 01(1): 78-81.
World Health Organization. Guidelines For Controlling And Monitoring The Tobacco Epidemic. Geneva; Word Health Organization. 2001: p. 2-7.
Islami F, Stoklosa M, Drope J, Jemal, A. Global and Regional Patterns of Tobacco Smoking and Tobacco Control Policies. Elsevier. European Urology Focus. 2015; Vol. 1:p. 8.
Tan YL, Ulysses D. Smoking prevalence: Adult male and female smokers in ASEAN In: Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance. The Tobacco Control Atlas ASEAN Region. 2016; 3rd Ed. p: 1-2.
Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Proporsi Penduduk Umur ≥10 Tahun Menurut Kebiasaan Merokok Dan Karakteristik Di Indonesia. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2013. p: 134.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Konsumsi Rokok dan Prevalensi Merokok. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2004.
Sherwood, LZ. Fisiologi Manusia dari Sel ke Sistem. Edisi 8. 2014. Jakarta: EGC.
Hall JE, Guyton AC. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 12. 2014. Jakarta: EGC.
Maja MM, Besim P, Tamer B, Tanja D, Sabina S, Selma S, et al. Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Haematological Parameters in Healthy Population. Journal of Academy of Medical Sciences in Bosnia and Herzegovina. NCBI. 2017 April; 71(2): 132-6.
Asif M, Karim S, Umar Z, Malik A, Ismail T, Caudhary A, et al. Effect of Cigarette Smoking Based on Hematological Parameters: Comparison Between Male Smokers and Non-Smokers. Turk J Biochem. 2013; 38 (1); p: 75-80.
Lymperaki E, Makedou K, Iliadis S, Vagdatli E. Effects of Acute Cigarette Smoking on Total Blood Count and Markers. Thessaloniki, Greece. HIPPOKRATIA. 2015; 19(4): p. 293-297.
Inal B, Hacibekiroglu T, Cavus B, Musaoglu Z, Demir H, Karadag B. Effects of Smoking on Healthy Young Men’s Hematologic Parameters. NCI. 2014; Vol. 1(1): p. 19-25.
Tungtrongchitr R. et al. Relationship of Tobacco Smoking with Serum Vitamin B12, Folic Acid and Haematological Indices in Healthy Adults. Public Health Nutrition. 2003; Vol. 6(7): p. 675-681.
Ahmed OA. Effect of Pack-Year of Cigarette Smoking on Erythrocyte Parameters and Glucose Level Among Healthy Males. 2017; Vol. 28: p. 196-199.
Elgari, MM. Hematological Changes Induced by Heavy Cigarette Smoking. Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2017 December; Vol. 6(12) pp. 327-329.
Pankaj J, Reena J, Mal KL, Ketan M. Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Haematological Parameters: Comparison Between Male Smokers and Non-Smokers. IJSN. 2014;5(4). P: 740-3.
Zafar, I. et al. Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Erythrocyte, Leukocytes and Haemoglobin. University of Peshawar Pakistan. J. Med. Sci; June 2003: Vol 3(3): 245-250.
Goel, A. et al. Study of Relationship of Tobacco Smoking With Hemoglobin Concentration in Healthy Adults. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. 2017; Vol. 01: p. 2.
Widmaier, E., Raff, H., Strang, K. Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function. 12th edition. McGraw-Hill Education; 2013: p. 417-420.
Pretorius, E. et al. Smoking and Fluidity of Erythrocyte Membranes: A High Resolution Scanning Electron and Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation. Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria South Africa. Elsevier. 2013; Vol. 35: 42-46.
Arika WM., Nyamai DW, Musila MN, Ngugi MP, Njagi ENM. Hematological Markers of In Vivo Toxicity. J Hematol Thrombo Dis, 2016; Vol. 4(2): 1-3.
