Manifestasi Oral Infeksi COVID-19

Abstract

Abstract: The COVID-19 outbreak is caused by SARS-CoV-2 that spread rapidly throughout the world. The most common clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are fever, fatigue, and dry cough. Some patients experience nasal congestion, runny nose, headache, conjunctivitis, sore throat, diarrhea, skin rash, loss of smell and taste. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 infection are also reported. Dentists are prone to cross-infections of several infectious diseases because they are often exposed to saliva and blood. These viruses are transmitted through inhalation of aerosols and droplets containing the viruses or direct contact with mucous membranes, oral fluids, dental instruments, and surfaces contaminated with the virus. This study was aimed to determine the oral manifestations of COVID-19 infection. This was a literature review study searching three databases, namely Pubmed, ClinicalKey and Google Scholar. The keywords used were oral AND manifestations AND COVID-19. Selection based on inclusion and exclusion criteria was carried out by critical appraisal. There were eight literatures in the form of case reports. The results showed that oral manifestations commonly found in patients with clinical COVID-19 were ulcers, petechiae, macules, and plaques with variations in quantity, color appearance, and localization. Lesions were found on the palate, tongue, labial mucosa, gingiva, lips, and oropharynx. In conclusion, oral manifestations could be found in clinical COVID-19 patients, however, it is not certain whether these manifestations are directly caused by SARS-CoV-2 or are as secondary manifestations.

Keywords: oral manifestations; COVID-19

Abstrak: Wabah COVID-19 disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-2 yang menyebar dengan cepat hingga ke seluruh dunia. Infeksi COVID-19 mempunyai manifestasi klinis paling umum seperti demam, rasa lelah, dan batuk kering. Beberapa pasien mengalami hidung tersumbat, pilek, nyeri kepala, konjungtivitis, sakit tenggorokan, diare, ruam kulit, hilang penciuman dan pengecapan. Bahkan terdapat laporan penemuan manifestasi oral pada infeksi COVID-19. Dokter gigi sebagai profesi yang rentan terjadi infeksi silang beberapa penyakit menular karena sering terpapar dengan saliva dan darah. Virus ini memungkinkan terjadinya penularan lewat terhirupnya aerosol dan droplet yang mengandung virus atau kontak langsung dengan membran mukosa, cairan mulut, instrumen kedokteran gigi dan permukaan yang terkontaminasi virus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manifestasi oral infeksi COVID-19. Jenis penelitian ialah suatu literature review dengan pencarian menggunakan tiga database yaitu Pubmed, ClinicalKey dan Google Scholar. Kata kunci yang digunakan yaitu oral AND manifestations AND COVID-19. Setelah seleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi dilakukan critical appraisal dan didapatkan delapan literatur yang berupa laporan kasus.Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa manifestasi oral pada pasien klinis COVID-19 yang sering ditemukan, seperti ulkus, petekie, makula, dan plak dengan variasi kuantitas, penampakan warna, dan lokalisasi. Lokasi lesi ditemukan pada palatum, lidah, mukosa labial, gingiva, bibir dan orofaring. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah manifestasi oral dapat ditemukan pada pasien klinis COVID-19 tetapi belum diketahui pasti apakah secara langsung disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-2 atau merupakan manifestasi sekunder.

Kata kunci: manifestasi oral; COVID-19