REHABILITASI MEDIK PADA BAYI PREMATUR DAN KESULITAN MAKAN
Abstract
Abstract
Eating is the ability to maintain and manipulate food or drink in the mouth and swallow it. Swallowing is a complex process involving food, drink, medicine or saliva brought from the mouth into the abdomen through pharynx and esophagus. The process that occurs when the food is swallowed is called digestion (deglution). The term eating and swallowing is often used inverted. The term feeding in Indonesian is also defined as eating but has a different definition. Feeding is a process of preparing, organizing and bringing food / drinks from dishes or cups to mouth, sometimes referred to as self-feeding. Eating activities using oral motion devices (oromotor), the ability to perform the activity is achieved gradually. The initial stage of the basic motion (reflex) is continued through the learning process of the sensory experience and experiments with the oromotor movement with the correct pattern to achieve the automatic and skilled oromotor movement.1Premature babies are babies born not yet enough months ie between 24-37 weeks of gestational age and based on gestational age can be classified as extreme (<28 weeks) and premature (28-37 weeks) 10.
Premature babies are the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity.1,2,9In America, about 12% of premature birth babies, with more than 500,000 premature babies in the world population every year.3 Premature babies usually have difficulty eating problems, namely the entry of food into the mouth , manipulation in the mouth and bolus transfer to the back area of the mouth by the tongue. This difficulty in eating is due to the lack of cardiorespiratory system, central nervous system and oromotor muscles.2,3,22 Several studies have suggested that infants born prematurely under gestational age will increase morbidity risk of eating difficulties at birth, respiratory disorders are thought to be one of the factors risk. Eating trouble mechanisms include disorders of reflex suction development, lack of coordination sucking, swallowing and breathing. Some evidence shows that therapeutic interventions will improve the ability to eat in premature babies.3
In infants it requires coordination between sucking, swallowing and breathing. Sucking rhythms begin to develop at the age of 32 weeks to 40 weeks in premature babies and at 40 weeks of age will reach an indistinguishable level with a baby enough months. During the 8-week maturation period, there was an increase in feed aggregation and ingestion, breastfeeding stabilization, rhythm and speed and duration of breastfeeding. Due to neurological inflammation and respiratory problems, premature babies can start eating with tube fed until maturation of oral eating skills.2Premature babies are often delayed to return from the Hospital because of the inability to eat through the mouth safely and competently. There is no definitive guide based on current evidence available to health professionals who are treating premature babies. Through research, a growing understanding of developing suck skills discusses how and why babies may have difficulty eating through the mouth because of inflammation of certain physiological functions. Unfortunately, this knowledge has not been translated into clinical practice to improve the diagnosis of feeding issues through the development of relevant assessments and to improve infant feeding skills through the development of precise prevention and therapeutic interventions. This refractory discusses feeding difficulties in premature babies and focuses on how the maturation process of various physiological functions involved in the feeding process of premature infants and their handling. Although infant readiness for oral feeding is considered when it is sucked, swallowed, and breathe is coordinated. Each of these functions includes a number of maturation processes at different times and levels. Here, it appears that the function of ingestion, ingestion, and breathe takes place at two levels: first, the elements in each function must achieve proper functional maturation which can work in harmony with each other to produce co-ordinating, swallowing, and breathing; and both elements of all these different functions, in turn, should be able to do the same at an integrative level to ensure safe and efficient transport of food from the mouth to the stomach.4.8
Keywords: Eating trouble, Premature, infants, swallow
Abstrak
Makan adalah kemampuan untuk mempertahankan dan memanipulasi makanan atau minuman didalam mulut dan menelannya. Menelan merupakan proses kompleks yang melibatkan makanan, minuman, obat atau saliva yang dibawa dari mulut ke dalam perut melalui faring dan esophagus. Proses yang terjadi saat makanan ditelan disebut mencerna (deglution). Istilah makan dan menelan sering digunakan terbalik. Istilah feeding dalam bahasa Indonesia diartikan juga sebagai makan namun memiliki definisi yang berbeda. Feedingadalah proses mempersiapkan, mengatur dan membawa makanan / minuman dari piring atau cangkir ke mulut, kadang kala disebut sebagai self-feeding. Aktivitas makan menggunakan alat gerak oral (oromotor), kemampuan melakukan kegiatan tersebut dicapai secara bertahap. Tahap awal berupa gerakan dasar (refleks) yang dilanjutkan melalui proses belajar dari pengalaman sensori dan percobaan melakukan gerakan oromotor dengan pola yang benar sehingga tercapai gerakan oromotor yang otomatis dan terampil.1
Bayi prematur adalah bayi yang dilahirkan belum cukup bulan yaitu antara 24-37 minggu usia kehamilan dan berdasarkan usia gestasi dapat diklasifikasikan menjadiprematur ekstrim (< 28 minggu) dan prematur (28-37 minggu)10. Bayi prematur merupakan penyebab utama kematian perinatal dan morbiditas.2,9Di Amerika, sekitar 12% bayi lahir prematur, dimana lebih dari 500 ribu bayi prematur pada populasi dunia setiap tahun.3Bayi prematur biasanya memiliki masalah kesulitan makan, yaitu proses masuknya makanan ke dalam mulut, manipulasi didalam mulut dan perpindahan bolus ke area belakang mulut oleh lidah. Kesulitan makan ini disebabkan belum berkembangnya sistem kardiorespirasi, susunan saraf pusat dan otot-otot oromotor.2,3,22 Beberapa penelitian menyatakan bahwa bayi yang lahir prematur dibawah usia gestasi akan meningkatkan morbiditas resiko kesulitan makan saat lahir, gangguan pernafasan diduga sebagai salah satu faktor resiko. Mekanisme kesulitan makan meliputi gangguan perkembangan refleks mengisap, kurangnya koordinasi mengisap, menelan dan bernafas. Beberapa bukti menunjukan bahwa intervensi terapi akan memperbaiki kemampuan makan pada bayi prematur.3
Pada bayi memerlukan kordinasi antara mengisap, menelan dan bernapas. Irama mengisap mulai berkembang pada usia 32 minggu sampai 40 minggu pada bayi prematur dan pada usia 40 minggu akan mencapai level yang tidak dapat dibedakan dengan bayi cukup bulan. Selama 8 minggu periode pematangan, terjadi peningkatan agregasi proses menyusu dan menelan, stabilisasi menyusu, ritme dan kecepatan serta lamanya proses menyusu. Akibat ketidakmatangan neurologis dan masalah pernapasan, bayi prematur dapat memulai makan dengan selang makan (tube fed) sampai terjadi pematangan keterampilan makan oral.2
Bayi prematur sering tertunda untuk pulang dari Rumah Sakit karena ketidakmampuan untuk makan melalui mulut dengan aman dan kompeten. Tidak ada pedoman yang pasti berdasarkan bukti saat ini yang tersedia bagi para profesional kesehatan yang merawat bayi prematur. Melalui penelitian, pemahaman yang berkembang tentang pengembangan keterampilan mengisap membahas bagaimana dan mengapa bayi mungkin mengalami kesulitan makan melalui mulut karena ketidakmatangan fungsi fisiologis tertentu. Sayangnya, pengetahuan ini belum diterjemahkan ke dalam praktik klinis untuk meningkatkan diagnosis masalah pemberian makan melalui pengembangan penilaian yang relevan dan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan pemberian makan bayi melalui pengembangan intervensi pencegahan dan terapeutik yang tepat.4
Refarat ini membahas kesulitan makan pada bayi prematur dan berfokus pada bagaimana proses pematangan berbagai fungsi fisiologis yang terlibat dalam proses makan pada bayi prematur dan penanganannya. Meskipun kesiapan bayi untuk makan oral dianggap tercapai ketika mengisap, menelan, dan bernapas dikoordinasikan. Masing-masing fungsi ini meliputi sejumlah proses pematangan pada waktu dan tingkat yang berbeda. Disini, akan tampak bahwa fungsi pengisapan, proses menelan, dan bernapas perlu terjadi pada dua tingkat: pertama, unsur-unsur dalam setiap fungsi harus mencapai pematangan fungsional yang tepat yang dapat bekerja selaras satu sama lain untuk menghasilkan koordinasimengisap, menelan, dan bernapas; dan kedua elemen dari semua fungsi yang berbeda ini, pada gilirannya, harus dapat melakukan hal yang sama pada tingkat integratif untuk memastikan pengangkutan makanan yang aman dan efisien dari mulut ke lambung.4,8
Kata kunci: kesulitan makan, premature, infant, menelan
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