GAMBARAN KINERJA OTAK MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNSRAT DENGAN ADIKSI NIKOTIN MENGGUNAKAN INSTRUMEN ISHA

Mevlana M.A Pasiak, Djon Wongkar, Elvin C Angmalisang

Abstract


Abstract: Prefrontal cortex is a brain structure that is responsible for executive function. Inhibitory control is one of executive functions, dysfunction of inhibitory control is one of important processes that happened in addictive state. Nicotine is one of addictive agent that is legal and easily accessible, one way to easily get nicotine is to smoke cigarette. Indonesia Spiritual Health Assessment is a neuroscience-based test that includes spirituality profile and brain dominance profile to measures brain performance and spirituality on human. This study was aimed to picture the brain performance on college student with nicotine addiction. This was an observational study with a cross sectional design. There were 13 college students as a respondents. Data were retrieved by distributing ISHA questionnaires to the respondents. The study result on spirituality dimension on spirituality experience tend to be moderate, positive emotion tend to be excellent, life meaning tend to be excellent, and on ritual tend to be excellent. The study result on brain dominance dimension on cortex prefrontal tend to be moderate, limbic system tend to be moderate, basal ganglia tend to be moderate, cingulate gyrus tend to be moderate, and on temporal lobe tend to be excellent.

Keywords: addiction, brain performance, nicotine

 

Abstrak: Korteks prefrontal merupakan struktur otak yang bertanggung jawab terhadap fungsi eksekutif. Salah satu fungsi eksekutif ialah kontrol inhibis, disfungsi kontrol inhibisi merupakan salah satu proses terpenting yang terjadi pada keadaan adiksi. Nikotin merupakan salah satu agen adiksi yang penggunaanya bersifat legal dan gampang diakses, salah satu cara tergampang mendapatkan nikotin ialah dengan menggunakan rokok. Indonesia Spiritual Health Assessment (ISHA) merupakan uji berbasis neurosains yang memuat profil spiritualitas dan dominansi otak sehingga dapat mengetahui kinerja otak dan spiritualitas manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kinerja otak pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran dengan adiksi nikotin. Jenis penelitian ialah observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Terdapat 13 orang mahasiswa sebagai responden. Data diambil dengan cara membagikan kuesioner kepada responden. Hasil penelitian pada dimensi spiritualitas bagian pengalaman spiritual cenderung pada nilai moderate, pada bagian emosi positif cenderung pada nilai excellent, pada bagian makna hidup cenderung pada nilai excellent, dan pada bagian ritual cenderung pada nilai excellent. Hasil penelitian pada dimensi dominansi otak bagian kortek prefrontal cenderung pada nilai moderate, pada bagian sistem limbik cenderung pada nilai moderate, pada bagian ganglia basalis cenderung pada nilai moderate, pada bagian girus singulatus cenderung pada nilai moderate, dan pada bagian lobus temporal cenderung pada nilai excellent. Simpulan: Gambaran kinerja otak pada mahasiswa dengan adiksi nikotin didapatkan hasil yang cenderung baik.

Kata kunci: adiksi, kinerja otak, nikotin


Full Text:

PDF

References


Diamond A. Executive function. Anny Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;64:135-68.

Siddiqui SV, Chatterjee U, Kumar D, Siddiqui A, Goyal N. Neuropsychology of prefrontal cortex. Indian J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2008;50:202-8. Tersedia pada: URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih .gov/pubmed/19742233

Pasiak TF. Prefrontal cortex: Basic to clinic. In: From Basic to Clinincal Application: Proceeding Perhimpunan Ahli Anatomi Indonesia. Makasar; 2017.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder. 5 ed. Washington, Dc; 2013.

Crews FT, Boettiger CA. Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010;93:237-47.

Wit H de. Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes. Addict Biol. 2009; 14:22-31.

Koob F, Nestler EJ. Addiction. J Neuropsychiatr [Internet]. 1997;9:482. Tersedia pada: URL: https://neuro. psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/jnp.9.3.482

Gupta S, Kulhara P. Cellular and molecular mechanism of drug dependence: An overview and update. Indian J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2007;49:85-90. Tersedia pada: URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20711388

Alexander BK. Addiction: The view from rat park [Internet]. 2010. Tersedia pada: URL: http://www.brucekalexander.com/articles-speeches/rat-park/148-addiction-the-view-from-rat-park

Alexander BK, Coambs RB, Hadaway PF. The effect of housing and gender on morphine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) [Internet]. 1978; 58:175-9. Tersedia pada: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00426903

Chinta SJ, Andersen JK. Dopaminergic neurons. Int J Biochem Cell Biol [Internet]. 2005;37:942-6. Tersedia pada: URL: https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S1357272504003711

Scofield MD, Heinsbroek JA, Gipson CD, Kupchik YM, Spencer S, Smith ACW, et al. The nucleus accumbens: mechanisms of addiction across drug classes reflect the importance of glutamate homestasis. Pharmacol Rev [Internet]. 2016;68:816-71. Tersedia pada: URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/27363441

Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: Neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nat Rev Neurosci [Internet]. 2011;12:652-69. Tersedia pada: URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih .gov/pubmed/22011681

Mishra A, Chaturvedi P, Datta S, Sinukumar S, Joshi P, Garg A. Harmful effects of nicotin. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol [Internet]. 2015;36:24-31. Tersedia pada: URL: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25810571

Benowitz NL, Hukkanen J, Jacob P. Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetic and biomarkers. Handb Exp Pharmacol [Internet]. 2009;29-60. Tersedia pada: URL: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19184645

Pasiak TF. God in Human Brain Conceptual Aspects of Spiritual Health. In: Optimalizing Research of Schizophrenia for a Better Management Outcome: Proceeding The 3rd Asian Congress on Schizophrenia Research. Bali; 2013.

Pasiak TF. Neurosains, Spiritualitas dan Reliji. In: Better Understanding of Bipolar Disorders in Modern Life: Proceeding Konas Bipolar ke-1. Surabaya; 2012.

Pasiak TF. ISHA (Indonesia Spiritual Health Assessment). In: Sinergy & Harmony of Biopsychosociospiritualreligy Aspects in Diversity: Religion, Spirituality & Medicine in Psychiatry Clinical Practice: Proceeding Konas PDSKJI ke-2. Jakarta; 2017.

Pasiak TF. Indonesia Spiritual Health Assessment (ISHA) Sebagai asesmen yang memadukan neuroplastisitas dan spiritualitas dan peranannya dalam psikoterapi. In: Psychotherapy in the Light of Neuroplasticity Talking and Relating that Change Human Brain: Proceeding Konas IV Psikoterapi. Jakarta; 2012.

Pasiak TF. Spiritualitas Manusia Akar Biologis Hingga Klinis. In: Innovation and Intergration of Biological Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology in Treating Mental Disorder Psychoneuroimmunology in Esthetical and Aging: Proceeding Konas ke-3 Psikiatri Biologi dan Psikofarmakologi Joint with Psikoneuroimunologi. Makasar; 2015.

Laudet AB, Morgen K, White WL. The Role of Social Supports, Spirituality, Religiousness, Life Meaning and Affiliation with 12-Step Fellowship in Quality of Life Satisfaction Among Individuals in Recovery From Alcohol and Drug Problems. Alcohol Treat Q [Internet]. 2006;24:33-73. Tersedia pada: URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/16892161

Ferri M, Amato L, Davoli M. Alcoholic Anonymous and other 12-step programmes for alcohol dependence (Review). 2009.

Koob GF. The dark side of emotion: the addiction perspective. Eur J Pharmacol [Internet]. 2015;753:73-87. Tersedia pada: URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/25583178

Belin D, Jonkman S, Dickinson A, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Parallel and interactive learning processes within the basal ganglia: Relevance for the understanding of addiction. Behav Brain Res [Internet[ 2009;199:89-102. Tersedia pada: URL: https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432808005354

Squire L. The Basal Ganglia. Fundam Neurosci. 2008:509-11.

Hong LE, Gu H, Yang Y, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Buchholz B, et al. Association of Nicotine Addiction and Nicotine’s Action With Separate Cingulate Cortex Functional Circuits. Arch Gen Psychiatry [Internet]. 2009;66:431. Tersedia pada: URL: http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.2

Gazdzinski S, Durazzo TC, Yeh P-H, Hardin D, Banys P, Meyerhoff DJ. Chronic cigarette smoking modulates injury and short-term recovery of the medial temporal lobe in alcoholics. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging [Internet]. 2008;162:133–45. Tersedia pada: URL: https://www.sciencedirect .com/science/article/pii/S0925492707000868

Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Lu PH, Edwards N, Bridge P, Mintz J. Brain maturation may be arrested in chronic cocaine addicts. Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2002;51:605–11. Tersedia pada: URL: https://www.sciencedirect .com/science/article/pii/S000632230201315X


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


www.Counters-free.net