CHEMISTRY PROGRESS

Aktivitas Penghambatan Enzim ꭤ-Amilase oleh Ekstrak Etanol Hasil Soxhletasi dan Refluks Daun Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.)

2024-10-17T03:29:58+08:00

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kandungan senyawa fenolik, flavonoid, dan tanin terkondensasi dalam ekstrak etanol yang diperoleh melalui soxhletasi dan refluks daun manggis dan untuk menentukan efektivitasnya terhadap penghambatan enzim ꭤ-amilase. Penelitian dikerjakan melalui tahapan-tahapan preparasi, ekstraksi, penentuan kandungan total fenolik, flavonoid, dan tanin terkondensasi, serta penentuan aktivitas penghambatan enzim ꭤ-amilase. Rendemen tertinggi diperoleh pada ekstrak etanol hasil refluks selama 4 jam (R4) (19,88%) dan terendah diperoleh pada ekstrak etanol hasil soxhletasi selamas 2 jam (S2) (7,97%). Kandungan total fenolik dan flavonoid tertinggi ditemukan pada ekstrak etanol hasil soxhletasi selama 8 jam (S8) (226,73 µg/mL dan 266,76 µg/mL). Kandungan tanin terkondensasi tertinggi diperoleh pada ekstrak etanol hasil soxhletasi selama 4 jam (S4) (24,36 µg/mL). Aktivitas penghambatan enzim ꭤ-amilase tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak etanol hasil soxhletasi selama 4 jam (S4) 750 µg/mL (92,95%). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun manggis yang diperoleh melali proses soxhletasi lebih efektif dalam menghambat enzim ꭤ-amilase dibandingkan dengan yang diperoleh melalui proses refluks.

ABSTRACT

This research was aimed to determine the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and condensed tannins in ethanol extracts obtained through soxhletation and reflux of mangosteen leaves, and to determine their effectiveness in inhibiting the α-amylase enzyme. The research was conducted through the stages of preparation, extraction, determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and condensed tannin content, as well as determination of α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity. The highest yield was obtained from the ethanol extract produced by reflux for 4 hours (R4) (19.88%) and the lowest was obtained from the ethanol extract produced by Soxhletation for 2 hours (S2) (7.97%). The highest total phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the ethanol extract produced by Soxhletation for 8 hours (S8) (226.73 µg/mL and 266.76 µg/mL). The highest condensed tannin content was obtained in the ethanol extract produced by Soxhletation for 4 hours (S4) (24.36 µg/mL). The highest α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity was shown by the ethanol extract produced by Soxhletation for 4 hours (S4) 750 µg/mL (92.95%). It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of mangosteen leaves obtained through the Soxhletation process is more effective in inhibiting the α-amylase enzyme compared to that obtained through the reflux process.

Aktivitas Peluruhan Batu Ginjal oleh Fraksi Pelarut dari Kulit Buah Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.)

2024-11-01T00:59:05+08:00

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kandungan fenolik dan tanin terkondensasi dari kulit buah rambutan dan untuk menentukan kemampuan fraksi kulit buah rambutan untuk meluruhkan kalsium batu ginjal. Ekstraksi dikerjakan dengan cara sokletasi dan kemudian ekstrak diuapkan untuk kemudian dipartisi. Pengujian kandungan fenolik dan tanin terkondensasi dilakukan menggunakan spektrofotometer dengan pereaksi-pereaksi Folin Ciocalteu dan Na₂CO₃. Pengujian terhadap batu ginjal, yang mencakup pembuatan kalsium batu ginjal dan penentuan kadar kalsium terluruh dikerjakan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan fenolik dalam fraksi etil asetat (FEA) sebesar 2,253 µg/mL, dalam fraksi akuades (FA) sebesar 2,223 µg/mL, dan dalam fraksi N-heksan (FNH) sebesar 2,219 µg/mL. Kandungan tanin terkondensasi dalam FEA sebesar 48,952 mg/kg, dalam FNH sebesar 34,507 mg/kg, dan dalam FA sebesar 27,682 mg/kg. Pengujian peluruhan kalsium batu ginjal menunjukkan kadar kalsium terlarut dalam FEA sebesar 9,22 µg/mL, dalam FA sebesar 4,99 µg/mL, dan dalam FNH sebesar 4,12 µg/mL yang mengimplikasikan kemampuan kulit buat rambutan untuk meluruhkan kalsium batu ginjal.

ABSTRACT

This research aimed to determine the phenolic and condensed tannin content of rambutan fruit peel and to assess the ability of rambutan fruit peel fractions to dissolve calcium kidney stones. Extraction was carried out using a Soxhlet apparatus, followed by evaporation of the extract and subsequent partitioning. The phenolic and condensed tannin content were determined using a spectrophotometer with Folin Ciocalteu and Na2CO3 reagents. The kidney stone testing, which involved the creation of calcium kidney stones and the determination of dissolved calcium content, was conducted using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the phenolic content in the ethyl acetate fraction (FEA) was 2.253 µg/mL, in the aqueous fraction (FA) was 2.223 µg/mL, and in the n-hexane fraction (FNH) was 2.219 µg/mL. The condensed tannin content in FEA was 48.952 mg/kg, in FNH was 34.507 mg/kg, and in FA was 27.682 mg/kg. The calcium kidney stone dissolution test showed that the dissolved calcium content in FEA was 9.22 µg/mL, in FA was 4.99 µg/mL, and in FNH was 4.12 µg/mL, which implies the ability of rambutan fruit peel to dissolve calcium kidney stones.

Aktivitas Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Ekstrak Daun Leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L) Secara In-vitro dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

2024-11-08T15:21:08+08:00

ABSTRAK

Tingginya reaksi oksidasi menyebabkan terbetuknya radikal bebas dalam tubuh manusia yang dapat memicu berbagai penyakit degeneratif seperti diabetes mellitus. Tanaman endemik Sulawesi Utara salah satunya yaitu daun leilem telah terbukti pada penelitian sebelumnya memiliki aktivitas sebagai antioksidan. Pada penelitian sebelumnya telah diuji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak serta beberapa fraksi daun leilem dan diperoleh hasil bahwa ekstrak daun leilem memiliki aktivitas antioksidan paling baik. Untuk itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melanjutkan penelitian sebelumnya dari daun leilem dengan melihat aktivitas penurunan kadar glukosa dari ekstrak daun leilem secara invitro dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis menggunakan pereaksi Nelson Somogyi dengan kadar glukosa yang digunakan yaitu 40 ppm dan konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan adalam 20, 40, 60, 80 dan 100 ppm serta menguji kadar total fenol dan flavonoid pada ekstrak etanol daun leilem. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa ekstrak daun leilem dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa secara in vitro. Pada ekstrak dengan konsentrasi 20 ppm kadar glukosa menurun sebanyak 50,77%, ekstrak 40 ppm kadar glukosa menurun sebanyak 55,55%, 60 ppm ekstrak kadar glukosa turun sebanyak 60,45%, ekstrak 80 ppm kadar glukosa turun sebanyak 65,12 ppm dan ekstrak dengan konsentrasi 100 ppm kadar glukosa turun sebanyak 70,55%. Untuk kadar total fenol pada ekstrak yaitu 143,105 mg GAE/g dan total flavonoid pada ekstrak etanol daun leilem yaitu 76,265 mg QE/g

ABSTRACT

High oxidation reactions cause the formation of free radicals in the human body which can trigger various degenerative diseases such as diabetes mellitus. One of the endemic plants of North Sulawesi, leilem leaves, has been proven in previous research to have antioxidant activity. In previous research, the antioxidant activity of extracts and several fractions of leilem leaves had been tested and the results showed that leilem leaf extract had the best antioxidant activity. For this reason, this research aims to continue previous research on leilem leaves by looking at the activity of reducing glucose levels from leilem leaf extract in vitro using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method using Nelson Somogyi reagent with the glucose level used being 40 ppm and the extract concentration used being 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm and tested the total phenol and flavonoid levels in the ethanol extract of leilem leaves. The research results showed that leilem leaf extract could reduce glucose levels in vitro. In the extract with a concentration of 20 ppm the glucose level decreased by 50.77%, in the 40 ppm extract the glucose level decreased by 55.55%, in the 60 ppm extract the glucose level decreased by 60.45%, in the 80 ppm extract the glucose level decreased by 65.12 ppm and extracts with a concentration of 100 ppm glucose levels decreased by 70.55%. The total phenol content in the extract is 143.105 mg GAE/g and the total flavonoid content in the ethanol extract of leilem leaves is 76.265 mg QE/g

Studi In Silico : Aktivitas Antibakteri Senyawa Resveratrol Terhadap Bakteri Salmonella typhi Penyebab Demam Tifoid

2024-11-08T14:51:29+08:00

ABSTRAK

Demam tifoid merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi yang menyerang sistem pencernaan oleh adanya aktivitas bakteri Salmonella typhi. Pengobatan demam tifoid menggunakan antibiotik yang dapat menimbulkan resistensi bakteri, sehingga penemuan senyawa sebagai alternatif obat demam tifoid masih terus dikembangkan hingga saat ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambatan senyawa resveratrol terhadap pertumbuhan dari bakteri Salmonella typhi. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian penambatan molekul (molecule docking). Hasil dari molecular docking didapatkan binding afiinity interaksi ligan dan reseptor yaitu -7.8 kkal/mol, maka senyawa resveratrol dapat sebagai penghambat bakteri Salmonella typhi.

ABSTRACT

Typhoid fever is an infectious disease that attacks the digestive system due to the activity of Salmonella typhi bacteria. Treatment of typhoid fever uses antibiotics which can cause bacterial resistance, so the discovery of compounds as alternative drugs for typhoid fever is still being developed today. This research aims to determine the effect of anchoring the resveratrol compound on the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria. This type of research uses the molecular docking research method. The results of molecular docking showed that the binding affinity of the ligand and receptor interaction was -7.8 kcal/mol, so the resveratrol compound could act as an inhibitor for Salmonella typhi bacteria.

Material Berbasis Hidroksiapatit/Zeolit untuk Fotodegradasi Pewarna Sintetik di Bawah Cahaya Tampak

2024-11-09T01:08:49+08:00

ABSTRAK

Isu lingkungan terkait pencemaran zat warna sintetis dari limbah industri masih relevan dan terus dikaji. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis material fotokatalis berbahan dasar tulang ikan dan zeolit A (ZA) serta mengaplikasikannya untuk degradasi metilen biru, merah kongo, kristal violet, metil jingga, dan eriochrome black-T dalam larutan air. Tulang ikan dikalsinasi untuk memperoleh hidroksiapatit (HAp) dan HAp yang diperoleh dicampur dengan larutan silikat dan aluminat dalam sintesis zeolit A. Bahan yang dihasilkan kemudian perlakukan dengan AgNO₃ dan diperoleh bahan komposit yang selanjutnya dikarakterisasi dengan teknik difraktometri sinar-X. Fotodegradasi zat warna sintetik dilakukan dengan cara menginteraksikan bahan komposit dengan larutan zat warna di bawah penyinaran cahaya tampak dan konsentrasi akhir zat warna diukur dengan spektrofotometer UV-vis. Analisis difraktogram komposit menunjukkan adanya komponen HAp, Ag-ZA, Ag₃PO₄, dan Ag. Berdasarkan jumlah zat warna yang terdegradasi per satuan massa komposit, komposit ini memiliki kemampuan terbesar dalam mendegradasi eriochrome black-T tetapi sulit untuk mendegradasi metil jingga. Jumlah komposit yang digunakan memengaruhi kemampuan komposit dalam mendegradasi zat warna. Semakin banyak jumlah komposit yang digunakan, semakin rendah jumlah zat warna yang dapat terdegradasi per satuan massa komposit..

ABSTRACT

Environmental issues related to the pollution of synthetic dyes from industrial waste remain relevant and are continuously being studied. This research aimed to synthesize a photocatalyst material based on fish bones and zeolite A (ZA) and apply it for the degradation of methylene blue, congo red, crystal violet, methyl orange, and eriochrome black-T in aqueous solutions. Fish bones were calcined to obtain hydroxyapatite (HAp), and the obtained HAp was mixed with silicate and aluminate solutions in the synthesis of zeolite A. The resulting material was then treated with AgNO₃ and a composite material was obtained, which was then characterized using X-ray diffractometry technique. The photodegradation of synthetic dyes was carried out by interacting the composite material with a dye solution under visible light irradiation, and the final concentration of the dye was measured using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. Analysis of the composite diffractogram showed the presence of HAp, Ag-ZA, Ag₃PO₄, and Ag components. Based on the amount of dye degraded per unit mass of composite, this composite has the greatest ability to degrade eriochrome black-T but has difficulty degrading methyl orange. The amount of composite used affected the ability of the composite to degrade dyes. The more composite used, the lower the amount of dye that could be degraded per unit mass of composite.