Pengaruh Kesehatan Lingkungan terhadap Perubahan Epidemiologi Demam Berdarah di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.v5i2.16879Abstract
Abstract: In Indonesia, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a serious health problem. Infection of dengue has occurred in Indonesia for the last two decades. It is a self limiting disease, however, its clinical manifestations has become worsened since several years ago. Epidemiologic pattern of dengue infection changes every year, and there is a peak of new cases every 10 years. Nowadays, adolescence and adult individuals belong to the high risk population of this infection. This epidemiologic changing of DHF is influenced by several environmental factors, inter alia: 1) increasing of human population; 2) uncontrolled urbanization; 3) no effective control of mosquitoes in endemic areas; and 4) modernized public transportation.
Keywords: environmental sanitation, epidemiology, dengue hemorrhagic fever
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Abstrak: Di Indonesia, demam berdarah dengue (DBD) masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting. Infeksi dengue terjadi secara endemis di Indonesia selama dua abad terakhir. Penyakit ini bersifat self limiting namun dalam beberapa tahun terakhir memperlihatkan manifestasi klinis yang semakin berat sebagai DBD dan frekuensi kejadian luar biasanya semakin meningkat. Pola epidemiologi infeksi dengue mengalami perubahan dari tahun ke tahun, jumlah kasus memuncak setiap siklus 10 tahunan. Kelompok usia yang terserang dengue berubah menjadi kelompok remaja dan dewasa. Perubahan epidemiologi DBD ini turut dipengaruhi oleh faktor kesehatan lingkungan. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi peningkatan dan penyebaran kasus DBD sangat kompleks yaitu, antara lain: 1) pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi dan cepat; 2) urbanisasi yang tidak terencana dan tidak terkendali; 3) tidak adanya kontrol vektor nyamuk yang efektif di daerah endemis; serta 4) peningkatan sarana transportasi.
Kata kunci: kesehatan lingkungan, epidemiologi, demam berdarah dengue
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