Hubungan Obesitas dengan Tingkat Keparahan COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35790/msj.v5i1.45130Abstract
Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Obesity is one of the risk factors that might increase the severity of COVID-19 due to anatomical and physiological changes in the body. Previous studies have shown high mortality and morbidity rates in obese patients with COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the association between obesity and the severity of COVID-19. This was a literature review study. The results obtained 17 articles concluding that there was an association between obesity and the severity of the disease, however, one article concluded no association between them. The reported severity criteria ranged from severe to critical ill. In conclusion, obese patients with had higher risk to suffer form more severe COVID-19. The outcomes of obese patients with COVID-19 are hospitalization, admission at Intensive Care Unit, intubation, and death.
Keywords: COVID-19; obesity; disease severity
Abstrak: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan penyakit pernapasan akut yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Obesitas merupakan salah satu faktor risiko yang dapat meningkatkan keparahan COVID-19 terkait adanya perubahan anatomi dan fisiologis tubuh. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan angka mortalitas dan morbiditas yang tinggi pada pasien obesitas dengan COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut mengenai hubungan obesitas dengan tingkat keparahan penyakit pada COVID-19. Jenis penelitian ialah suatu literature review. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 17 artikel yang menyimpulkan adanya hubungan obesitas dengan tingkat keparahan penyakit pada COVID-19 dan satu artikel menyimpulkan tidak terdapat hubungan obesitas dengan tingkat keparahan penyakit pada COVID-19. Kriteria tingkat keparahan yang dilaporkan mulai dari berat sampai kritis. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah pasien obesitas dengan COVID-19 berisiko lebih tinggi untuk mengalami keparahan penyakit. Luaran pasien dengan obesitas yaitu dirawat inap, menerima perawatan di Intensive Care Unit, diintubasi, dan kematian.
Kata kunci: COVID-19; obesitas; tingkat keparahan penyakit
References
World Health Organization. Novel coronavirus disease named COVID-19 [Internet]. WHO. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen
Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence [Internet]. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020;92:548–51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ jmv.25722
Susilo A, Rumende MC, Pitoyo CW, Santoso WD, Yulianti M, Sinto R, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019: tinjauan literatur terkini [Internet]. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia|. 2020;7(1):45. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/
World Health Organization. WHO characterizes COVID-19 as a pandemic. Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [Internet]. WHO. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen
Kalligeros M, Shehadeh F, Mylona EK, Benitez G, Beckwith CG, Chan PA, et al. Association of obesity with disease severity among patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Obesity. 2020;28(7):1200–4.
Zhou Y, Chi J, Wenshan Lv, Wang Y. Obesity and diabetes as high-risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) [Internet]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2021;37(2):6–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3377
Caci G, Albini A, Malerba M, Noonan DM, Pochetti P, Polosa R. Covid-19 and obesity: dangerous liaisons [Internet]. J Clin Med. 2020;9(8):2511. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082511
World Obesity Federation. COVID-19 and Obesity: The 2021 Atlas [Internet]. 2021. Available from: www.worldobesity.org
Rottoli M, Bernante P, Belvedere A, Balsamo F, Garelli S, Giannella M, et al. How important is obesity as a risk factor for respiratory failure, intensive care admission and death in hospitalised COVID-19 patients? Results from a single Italian centre. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(4):389–97.
Nakeshbandi M, Maini R, Daniel P, Rosengarten S, Parmar P, Wilson C, et al. The impact of obesity on COVID-19 complications: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Obes. 2020;44(9):1832–7.
Frank RC, Mendez SR, Stevenson EK, Guseh JS, Chung M, Silverman MG. Obesity and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(11):E1097–101.
Steinberg E, Wright E, Kushner B. In young adults with COVID-19, obesity is associated with adverse outcomes. West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(4):752–5.
Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, Raverdy V, Noulette J, Duhamel A, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity. 2020;28(7):1195–9.
Pettit NN, MacKenzie EL, Ridgway JP, Pursell K, Ash D, Patel B, et al. Obesity is associated with increased risk for mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Obesity. 2020;28(10):1806–10.
Alkhatib AL, Kreniske J, Zifodya JS, Fonseca V, Tahboub M, Khatib J, et al. BMI is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 intensive care unit admission in African Americans. Obesity. 2020;28(10):1798–801.
Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, Sterling S, Johnson D, Francois F, et al. Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for COVID-19 hospital admission. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2020;9(2):118–27.
Hajifathalian K, Kumar S, Newberry C, Shah S, Fortune B, Krisko T, et al. Obesity is associated with worse outcomes in COVID-19: analysis of early data from New York City. Obesity. 2020;28(9):1606–12.
Suleyman G, Fadel RA, Malette KM, Hammond C, Abdulla H, Entz A, et al. Clinical characteristics and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in a series of patients in Metropolitan Detroit. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e2012270.
Fresán U, Guevara M, Elía F, Albéniz E, Burgui C, Castilla J, et al. Independent role of severe obesity as a risk factor for COVID-19 hospitalization: a Spanish population-based cohort study. Obesity. 2021;29(1):29–37.
Palaiodimos L, Kokkinidis DG, Li W, Karamanis D, Ognibene J, Arora S, et al. Severe obesity is associated with higher in-hospital mortality in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York. Metabolism. 2020;108:154262. Doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154262.
Al-Sabah S, Al-Haddad M, Al-Youha S, Jamal M, Almazeedi S, Al-Haddad M. COVID-19: Impact of obesity and diabetes in disease severity. Clin Obes. 2020;10(6):e12414 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.24.20111724.
Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, Rajagopalan H, O’Donnell L, Chernyak Y, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1966. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1966.
Hur K, Price CPE, Gray EL, Gulati RK, Maksimoski M, Racette SD, et al. Factors associated with intubation and prolonged intubation in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (United States). 2020;163(1):170–8.
Zhu Z, Hasegawa K, Ma B, Fujiogi M, Camargo CA, Liang L. Association of obesity and its genetic predisposition with the risk of severe COVID-19: analysis of population-based cohort data. Metabolism. 2020;112:154345. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154345
Alqahtani FY, Aleanizy FS, Mohamed RAEH, Al-Maflehi N, Alrfaei BM, Almangour TA, et al. Association between obesity and COVID-19 disease severity in Saudi Population. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2022;15:1527–35.
Gao YD, Ding M, Dong X, Zhang JJ, Kursat AA, Azkur D, et al. Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: a review [Internet]. Allergy. 2021;76(2):428–55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14657
Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Vol. 19, Nature Reviews Microbiology. Nature Research; 2021;19:141–54.
Klang E, Kassim G, Soffer S, Freeman R, Levin MA, Reich DL. Severe obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID-19 mortality in hospitalized patients younger than 50. Obesity. 2020;28(9):1595–9.
Ejaz H, Alsrhani A, Zafar A, Javed H, Junaid K, Abdalla AE, et al. COVID-19 and comorbidities: deleterious impact on infected patients. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(12):1833–9.
Dessie ZG, Zewotir T. Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):855. Doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06536-3.
Varikasuvu SR, Dutt N, Thangappazham B, Varshney S. Diabetes and COVID-19: a pooled analysis related to disease severity and mortality. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15(1):24–7.
Huang Y, Lu Y, Huang YM, Wang M, Ling W, Sui Y, et al. Obesity in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2020;113:154378. Doi: 10.1016/j.metabol. 2020.154378.
Yang J, Ma ZY, Lei YC. A meta-analysis of the association between obesity and COVID-19. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;149:e11. Doi: 10.1017/S0950268820003027.
Wang J, Zhu L, Liu L, Zhao X an, Zhang Z, Xue L, et al. Overweight and obesity are risk factors of severe illness in patients with COVID-19. Obesity. 2020;28(11):2049–55.
Sattar N, McInnes IB, McMurray JJV. Obesity is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection: multiple potential mechanisms. Circulation. 2020;142(1):4–6.
Czernichow S, Beeker N, Rives-Lange C, Guerot E, Diehl JL, Katsahian S, et al. Obesity doubles mortality in patients hospitalized for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Paris Hospitals, France: a cohort study on 5,795 patients. Obesity. 2020;28(12):2282–9.
Gómez‐zorita S, Milton‐laskibar I, García‐arellano L, González M, Portillo MP. An overview of adipose tissue ACE2 modulation by diet and obesity. Potential implications in covid‐19 infection and severity. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(15):7975. Doi: 10.3390/ijms22157975.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Shally G. C. P. Lahagina, Mayer F. Wowor, Siemona L. E. Berhimpon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
COPYRIGHT
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors hold their copyright and grant this journal the privilege of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that permits others to impart the work with an acknowledgment of the work's origin and initial publication by this journal.
Authors can enter into separate or additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (for example, post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its underlying publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their website) as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
