Medical Scope Journal

Profil Acute Kidney Injury pada Anak yang Dirawat di Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

Putri C. Ango, Adrian Umboh, Praevilia M. Salendu — Sat, 01 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical condition as evidenced by elevated levels of creatinine and urea, as well as a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This study aimed to determine the profile of AKI in children admitted to the Pediatric Department of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Hospital, Manado, during the period from January 2020 to August 2023. This was a retrospective and descriptive study with an observational approach and a cross-sectional design. Samples included all children who were diagnosed with AKI. The results obtained 121 patients with AKI, aged 1 month to 18 years, comprising 53.7% males, 46.3% females. Pre-renal AKI accounted for 61.1%, while renal AKI was 38.9%. Common clinical features included fever (75.3%), respiratory distress (61.2%), edema (49.7%), oliguria (93.3%), proteinuria (54.5%), azotemia (100.0%), microscopic hematuria (61.2%), leukocyturia (43.8%), hyponatremia (53.0%), hypocalcemia (47.2%), hypochloremia (48.0%), sepsis (42.1%), septic shock (17.3%), and metabolic acidosis (2.4%). In conclusion, AKI was most commonly found in the age group of 11-15 years, with a higher prevalence in males than females. The most common etiology was pre-renal AKI, with oliguria, fever, and respiratory distress being the most common clinical symptoms. Laboratory examinations commonly showed azotemia, hematuria, proteinuria, and leukocyturia.

Keywords: acute kidney injury; children; clinical features; complication

Abstrak: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) adalah sebuah keadaan klinis dimana terjadi peningkatan kreatinin dan urea serta penurunan laju filtrasi glomerulus (LFG). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil AKI pada anak yang dirawat di Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado periode Januari 2020-Agustus 2023. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif retrospektif dan observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Sampel penelitian ini ialah semua anak yang dirawat dan didiagnosis AKI. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 121 pasien dengan diagnosis AKI, usia 1 bulan-18 tahun, laki-laki 53,7%, perempuan 46,3%. AKI pre-renal 61,1%, AKI renal 38,9%. Demam 75,3%, sesak napas 61,2%, edema 49,7%, oliguria 93,3%, proteinuria 54,5%, azotemia 100,0%, hematuria mikroskopis 61,2%, leukosituria 43,8%, hiponatremia 53,0%, hipokalsemia 47,2%, hipokloremia 48,0%, sepsis 42,1%, syok sepsis 17,3%, dan asidosis metabolik 2,4%. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah AKI ditemukan tersering pada rentang usia 11-15 tahun, lebih sering pada laki-laki dibandingkan perempuan, etiologi terbanyak ialah AKI pre-renal, gejala klinis tersering ialah oliguria, demam dan sesak napas. Pemeriksaan laboratorium tersering ditemukan azotemia, hematuria, proteinuria, serta leukosituria.

Kata kunci: acute kidney injury; anak; gangguan ginjal akut; komplikasi

Gambaran Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Tindakan Penggunaan Tabir Surya pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Kedokteran Umum Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Angel R. F. Siregar, Tara S. Kairupan, Ferra O. Mawu — Sat, 01 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: Excessive exposure of skin to sunlight without protection can lead to skin damage such as sunburn, pigmentation disorders, premature aging, and increased risk of skin cancer. Sunscreen application is an effective method to protect the skin from adverse effects of sunlight. The proper selection and correct application of sunscreen significantly influence its effectiveness in protecting the skin. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and action related to sunscreen usage among medical students of Universitas Sam Ratulangi. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Primary data were collected by distributing questionnaires to the medical students. The results showed that the knowledge level of the respondents was categorized as fair (44.2%); the attitude towards sunscreen usage was considered good (57.4%); and the action of sunscreen application was poor (48.6%). In conclusion, related to sunscreen usage, medical students of Universitas Sam Ratulangi have fair knowledge and action meanwhile the attitude is in the good category.

Keywords: sunscreen; ultraviolet radiation; medical students

Abstrak: Paparan sinar matahari berlebihan pada kulit tanpa perlindungan dapat menimbulkan kerusakan kulit seperti sunburn, gangguan pigmentasi, penuaan dini, serta meningkatkan risiko kanker kulit. Tabir surya merupakan salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk melindungi diri dari dampak negatif sinar matahari. Cara pemilihan tabir surya yang ideal dan penggunaan tabir surya yang baik dan benar sangat memengaruhi efektivitas tabir surya dalam melindungi kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan penggunaan tabir surya pada mahasiswa Program Studi Kedokteran Umum Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi (FK Unsrat). Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Data primer dikumpulkan dengan membagikan kuesioner kepada mahasiswa FK Unsrat. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan tingkat pengetahuan responden berada di kategori cukup (44,2%), tingkat sikap penggunaan tabir surya responden berada di kategori baik (57,4%) dan tingkat tindakan penggunaan tabir surya responden berada di kategori cukup (48,6%). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah pengetahuan serta tindakan responden berada pada kategori cukup, sedangkan sikap responden pada kategori baik.

Kata kunci: tabir surya; sinar ultraviolet; mahasiswa kedokteran

Hubungan Emotional Quotient dengan Indeks Prestasi Kumulatif Mahasiswa Angkatan 2020 Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Livia C. Winengko, Heriyannis Homenta, Siemona L. E. Berhimpon — Sat, 01 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: Emotional quotient (EQ) is the ability to understand and control emotions in oneself and others. The essentials to develop EQ are superior in medical students due to future work professions that require skills to maintain interactions with patients and other medical workers. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between EQ and the Cumulative Achievement Index in medical students class of 2020, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sam Ratulangi. This was an observational and analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Samples were 160 students from the class of 2020 at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sam Ratulangi. The EQ value was measured using the TEIQue-SF instrument, while the Cumulative Achievement Index was obtained from the student transcripts. The result showed that most of the students have moderate EQ (77.5%) and Cumulative Achievement Index that predicated with a compliment (55%). There was an insignificant correlation between EQ and the Cumulative Achievement Index (p=0.506; r=0.053), and the correlation was positive and very weak. In conclusion, there is a positive but insignificant correlation between EQ and Cumulative Achievement Index among students class of 2020, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sam Ratulangi.

Keywords: Emotional Quotient; Cumulative Achievement Index; Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form

Abstrak: Emotional Quotient (EQ) adalah kemampuan memahami dan mengendalikan emosi pada diri sendiri dan orang lain. Kebutuhan untuk mengembangkan EQ yang lebih tinggi pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran karena profesi kinerja ke depannya membutuhkan keterampilan guna membangun interaksi dengan pasien dan tenaga medis lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan EQ dengan Indeks Prestasi Kumulatif (IPK) mahasiswa angkatan 2020 Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi (FK Unsrat). Penelitian ini menerapkan pendekatan observasional analitik dan studi potong lintang. Sampel penelitian ialah 160 mahasiswa angkatan 2020 FK Unsrat. Nilai EQ diukur menggunakan instrumen TEIQue-SF dan nilai IPK diperoleh dari transkip nilai mahasiswa. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa memiliki EQ kategori sedang (77,5%) dan predikat IPK dengan pujian (55%). Terdapat hubungan tidak bermakna antara EQ dengan IPK kekuatan korelasi sangat lemah dan arah korelasi positif (p=0,506; r=0,053). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah terdapat hubungan positif yang tidak bermakna antara Emotional Quotient dengan Indeks Prestasi Kumulatif mahasiswa angkatan 2020 Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi.

Kata kunci: Emotional Quotient; Indeks Prestasi Kumulatif; Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form

Gambaran Ultrasonografi Ginjal pada Penderita Penyakit Ginjal Kronis dengan Diabetes Melitus di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Periode Juli 2022 hingga Juli 2023

Wiwi Bolong, Joan F. J. Timban, Alfa G. E. Y. Rondo — Sat, 01 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs due to a long-lasting and irreversible decline in kidney function. This disease has a close relationship with diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic patients tend to experience microvascular complications, namely diabetic nephropathy which is the main cause of CKD. This study aimed to obtain the description of renal ultrasound in CKD patients with DM at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital from July 2022 to July 2023. This was a descriptive and retrospective study with a cross sectional design using proportional random sampling. The results obtained 68 samples of CKD patients with DM, dominated by females (57.4%), age group >65 years (32.4%), and had hemodialysis treatment (54.4%). The majority of CKD patients with DM were at level 2 severity based on the results of kidney ultrasound examination, where many had normal kidney size, increased parenchymal echogenicity, normal cortex thickness, clear echo cortex and medulla boundaries, normal pelvicalyceal system, and cysts as well as stones. In conclusion, the majority of chronic kidney disease patients with diabetes mellitus are females, aged over 65 years, have hemodialysis treatment, and are at level 2 severity.

Keywords: renal ultrasound; chronic kidney disease; diabetes mellitus

Abstrak: Penyakit ginjal kronis (PGK) terjadi karena penurunan fungsi ginjal yang berlangsung lama dan bersifat ireversibel. Penyakit ginjal kronis memiliki hubungan erat dengan diabetes melitus (DM). Penyandang DM akan mengalami komplikasi mikrovaskular yaitu nefropati diabetik yang menjadi penyebab utama terjadinya PGK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran ultrasonografi ginjal pada penderita PGK dengan DM di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou periode Juli 2022 hingga Juli 2023. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif retrospektif dengan desain potong lintang dengan menggunakan teknik proportional random sampling. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 68 sampel penderita PGK dengan DM, didominasi oleh jenis kelamin perempuan (57,4%), usia >65 tahun (32,4%), dan melakukan perawatan hemodialisis (54,4%). Mayoritas penderita PGK dengan DM berada pada derajat keparahan tingkat 2 berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan USG ginjal, dimana banyak ditemukan ukuran ginjal normal, ekogenisitas parenkim meningkat, ketebalan korteks normal, batas echo korteks dan medula jelas, sistem pelvicalyceal normal, terdapat kista dan batu. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah mayoritas penderita penyakit ginjal kronis dengan diabetes melitus mayoritas ialah perempuan, kelompok usia >65 tahun, melakukan perawatan hemodialisis, dan berada pada derajat keparahan tingkat 2.

Kata kunci: ultrasonografi ginjal; penyakit ginjal kronis; diabetes melitus

Hubungan Usia, Pendidikan dan Pekerjaan dengan Kasus Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga di Kota Manado

Yunita Hutahaean, Erwin G. Kristanto, Nola T. S. Mallo — Sat, 01 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: Violence often occurs in personal relationships where the abuser is the person closest to the victim, and can involve anyone, including wife, children, and even people who live with the perpetrator. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between age, education, and occupation with cases of domestic violence in Manado. The results showed that there were 49 victims of domestic violence cases with the overall gender of the victims was female (100%). Majority of victims were aged 15-64 years (87.76%), had high educational background (83.7%) and occupation status not working (81.6%). The chi-square analysis showed that age (p=0.016), education level (p=0.05), and occupational status (p=0.011) had significant relationships with the incidence of domestic violence cases in Manado city. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between age, education, and occupation with the incidence of domestic violence in Manado.

Keywords: age; education; occupation; domestic violence

Abstrak: Kekerasan kerap terjadi dalam hubungan personal dimana pelaku kekerasan ialah orang terdekat dengan korban, dan bisa melibatkan siapa saja termasuk istri, anak-anak, dan bahkan orang yang tinggal bersama pelaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan usia, pendidikan dan pekerjaan terhadap kasus kekerasan dalam rumah tangga (KDRT) di Manado. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan sebanyak 49 korban kasus KDRT dengan keseluruhan jenis kelamin korban yaitu perempuan (100%). Mayoritas korban tergolong kategori usia produktif yaitu 15-64 tahun (87,76%) dengan latar belakang pendidikan yang tinggi (83,7%) dan status pekerjaan tidak bekerja (81,6%). Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan bahwa usia (p=0,016), tingkat pendidikan (p=0,05), dan status pekerjaan (p=0,011) memiliki hubungan bermakna terhadap kejadian kasus KDRT di Kota Manado. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia, pendidikan, dan pekerjaan dengan kejadian kasus kekerasan dalam rumah tangga di Kota Manado.

Kata kunci: usia; pendidikan; pekerjaan; kekerasan dalam rumah tangga

Reconstruction of Lower Eyelid in Basal Cell Carcinoma Case with Adjunctive Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: A Case Report

Yulius A. M. Chietra, Mendy J. Hatibie, Ramli Dali — Sat, 01 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are the most common cancers in humans, caused by exposure to ultraviolet light and are associated with PTCH1 gene mutation. Its incidence rate significantly increases per year especially in elderly people. Several modalities are available for BCC treatment but surgery is still considered as the gold standard. Oxygen is mandatory for almost all wound healing processes, and oxygen substitution can be delivered in the form of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy. We presented a 70 years old woman with a major complaint of a tumor located in the left infrapalpebral region, below the left lower lash line with 5 years of evolution. Patient had clinical presentation of solid nodular basal cell carcinoma which was the most common clinical subtype. Patient was diagnosed as having BCC based on history taking, clinical findings, and histopathological examination. Surgical wide excision, skin flap, and HBO as the adjunctive therapy were performed on this patient. With these techniques, healing time was reduced, complications rates were low, and cosmetic outcome was much better. In conclusion, closing defects of BCC case with surgical wide excision and flap yields a remarkable outcome and an adjunctive HBO therapy after surgery optimizes the oxygenation, thus, the healing potential of tissue prior to surgery, and accelerates wound healing post operatively. A good result with short healing duration was observed.

Keywords: basal cell carcinoma; hyperbaric oxygen therapy; flap; wound healing

Gambaran Faktor yang Memengaruhi Tren Angka Kejadian dan Keparahan Demam Berdarah Dengue pada Anak di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Periode 2020-2022

Siti C. Windhasari, David S. Waworuntu, Suryadi N. N. Tatura — Sat, 01 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: Dengue infection remains as a significant global health issue due to its rapid spread and increasing number of cases each year. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and its severity, dengue shock syndrome (DSS), can be caused by various factors, namely the host, behavior, environment, vectors, health services, and agents. This study aimed to determine the factors that influenced the trend of incidence and severity of DHF at Prof. R. D. Kandou Hospital, Manado. This was a descriptive and analytical study with a cross sectional design. The statistical analysis showed a significant correlation with a negative direction between air temperature and DHF incidence rate (p = 0.029, r = -0.363). Air humidity and rainfall did not have a significant relationship with DHF incidence. Based on the place of residence, a significant association was found with the severity of DHF (p=<0.001, OR=234.103). No significant association was found between economic level and the severity of the disease. In conclusion, there are significant relationships between air temperature and the incidence of DHF, and between the place of residence and the severity of the disease. It is expected that the government and the community can include these factors as indicators in efforts to prevent and control DHF and its severity.

Keywords: dengue hemorrhagic fever; dengue shock syndrome; risk factors; children

Abstrak: Infeksi dengue masih menjadi salah satu isu kesehatan global yang signifikan oleh karena penyebarannya yang cepat serta peningkatan jumlah kasus tiap tahunnya. Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) dan keparahannya yakni dengue shock syndrome (DSS) dapat diakibatkan oleh berbagai faktor, yakni faktor pejamu, perilaku, lingkungan, vektor, pelayanan kesehatan, dan agen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran dari faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi tren angka kejadian dan keparahan DBD di RSUP Prof. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah analitik deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya korelasi bermakna dengan arah negatif antara suhu udara dengan angka kejadian DBD (p=0,029; r=-0,363). Kelembaban udara dan curah hujan tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna terhadap angka kejadian DBD. Berdasarkan tempat tinggal, didapatkan hubungan bermakna dengan tingkat keparahan DBD (p=<0,001; OR=234,103). Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara tingkat ekonomi dengan tingkat keparahan penyakit. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah terdapat hubungan bermakna antara suhu udara dengan kejadian DBD, dan antara tempat tinggal dengan tingkat keparahan penyakit. Diharapkan bagi pemerintah dan masyarakat dapat mengikutsertakan faktor-faktor tersebut sebagai indikator dalam upaya pencegahan maupun penanggulangan DBD serta keparahannya.

Kata kunci: demam berdarah dengue; dengue shock syndrome; faktor risiko; anak

Impact of Calorie Intake on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors for Young Adults Working from Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Diniwati Mukhtar, Karina A. D. A. Ridwan, Hasna L. Fitriani — Tue, 04 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, working from home (WFH) led to increased passivity, potentially affecting body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure (BP) values, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to determine the impact of calorie intake on these risk factors in young adults working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. This experimental study employed a one-group pre- and post-test design conducted over two months. Respondents' daily physical activities were recorded using Bouchard's questionnaire, and a food record method was used to document all foods consumed over three days. The study followed up with respondents for two months. The results indicated that respondents with good physical activity levels experienced a decrease in BMI: 53.3% of men and 37.5% of women. Adequate calorie intake also contributed to a decrease in BMI, with 53.3% of men and 57.1% of women showing reductions. However, the t-test showed p-values >0.05 for the correlations between calorie intake and BMI, WC, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In conclusion, there was no significant impact of calorie intake on risk factors for CVD, such as obesity and high blood pressure. Nonetheless, it was observed that appropriate calorie intake could potentially prevent the increase of these risk factors.

Keywords: calorie intake; cardiovascular disease; COVID-19 pandemic

Torsades de Pointes Akibat Bradikardia

James C. Kurniawan, Benny M. Setiadi, Starry H. Rampengan — Wed, 05 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: Torsades de pointes (TdP) is a fatal tachyarrhythmia that has the potential to degenerate into ventricular fibrillation. The occurrence of TdP is associated with prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG), which is often found in bradycardia patients. We reported an 86-year-old female who experienced recurrent fainting episodes in the past month. From the ECG we recorded sinus rhythm was bradycardia with a heart rate of 43 bpm with a high degree of atrioventricular block, with a prolongation of the QT interval reaching 640 milliseconds. The patient was not taking any medications known to have the effect of prolonging the QT interval. The patient underwent a series of examination. Blood and electrolyte tests were within normal limit. Echocardiography examination showed good heart pump function and no structural abnormalities were found. The 24-hour Holter examination recorded a TdP rhythm with a heart rate of 180 bpm which was spontaneos termination. The patient underwent a permanent dual chamber pacemaker implantation. At post-insertion follow-up, the patient never experienced another fainting episode. In conclusion, bradycardia on ECG is known to prolong the QT interval thereby predisposing to torsades de pointes. Implantation of a permanent pacemaker was done and was successful in treating bradycardia, shortening the QT interval thereby suppressing the occurrence of torsades de pointes.

Keywords: torsades de pointes; bradycardia; atrioventricular block

Abstrak: Torsades de pointes (TdP) merupakan takiaritmia fatal yang berpotensi berdegenerasi menjadi fibrilasi ventrikel. Kejadian TdP dikaitkan dengan pemanjangan interval QT pada elektrokardiogram (EKG), yang seringkali dijumpai pada pasien bradikardia. Kami melaporkan kasus seorang pasien wanita berusia 86 tahun yang mengalami episode pingsan berulang dalam satu bulan terakhir. Dari gambaran EKG didapatkan irama sinus bradikardia dengan laju jantung 43x per menit dengan blok atrioventrikular derajat tinggi, dengan pemanjangan interval QT mencapai 640 milidetik. Pasien tidak mengonsumsi obat-obatan yang diketahui memiliki efek memperpanjang interval QT. Pasien menjalani serangkaian penunjang. Pemeriksaan darah dan elektrolit hasilnya normal. Pemeriksaan ekokardiografi menunjukkan fungsi pompa jantung baik dan tidak ditemukan adanya abnormalitas struktur jantung. Pemeriksaan Holter 24 jam berhasil merekam irama TdP dengan laju jantung 180x per menit yang mengalami terminasi spontan. Pada pasien dilakukan pemasangan alat pacu jantung permanen dual chamber. Pada follow up paska pemasangan, pasien tidak pernah mengalami episode pingsan lagi. Simpulan kasus ini ialah bradikardia pada elektrokardiogram diketahui memperpanjang interval QT sehingga memredisposisi terjadinya TdP. Pemasangan alat pacu jantung permanen pada pasien dipilih sebagai langkah tatalaksana, dan terbukti berhasil mengatasi bradikardia, memperpendek interval QT sehingga mensupresi terjadinya torsades de pointes.

Kata kunci: torsades de pointes; bradikardia; blok atrioventrikular

Pengaruh Suhu dan Lama Penyimpanan Urine Pasien Infeksi Saluran Kemih terhadap Jumlah Bakteri

Vidayatul Aziza, Chylen S. Rini, Andika Aliviameita, Jamilatur Rohmah — Thu, 13 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is caused by the growth of microorganisms in the urinary tract. The gold standard in diagnosing UTI is bacterial count. This study aimed to determine the effects of temperature and storage time for urine of patients with UTI on the number and the species of bacteria, which is important in supporting the diagnosis of UTI. This was a laboratory and experimental study using accidental sampling techniques in accordance with the inclusion criteria. The results showed that at room temperature (20-25^oC) the number of bacteria increased faster and was higher than the number of bacteria stored at cold temperature (2-8^oC). The number of bacterial colonies was the highest at storage time of 5 hours (5.3x10⁴ CFU/ml) meanwhile the lowest was in fresh urine (3.4 x 10⁴ CFU/ml). The Friedman test showed that there was an effect of temperature and storage time for urine of patients with UTI on the number of bacteria with a sig p-value of 0.001 (p<0.05). In conclusion, the average number of bacteria at room temperature (20-25^oC) increased faster than at cold temperature (2-8^oC) during a storage time of five hours.

Keywords: urinary tract infection; number of bacteria; storage time; urine

Abstrak: Infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) diakibatkan adanya pertumbuhan mikroorganisme di dalam saluran kemih. Baku emas dalam mendiagnosis ISK ialah menghitung jumlah bakteri dalam urin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan lama penyimpanan urin pada pasien ISK terhadap jumlah dan jenis bakteri yang penting dalam menunjang diagnosis ISK. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental laboratorik dengan teknik pengambilan sampel accidental sampling sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa pada suhu ruang (20-25^oC) jumlah bakteri meningkat lebih cepat dan lebih banyak dibandingkan jumlah bakteri pada suhu dingin (2-8^oC). Rerata jumlah koloni bakteri yang tertinggi yaitu sebesar 5,3x10⁴ CFU/ml didapatkan pada waktu penyimpanan 5 jam di suhu ruang, dan yang terendah pada urin segar sebesar 3,4 x 10⁴ CFU/ml. Hasil uji Friedman menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh suhu dan lama penyimpanan urin pada pasien ISK terhadap jumlah bakteri dengan nilai p=0,001 (p<0,05). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah rerata jumlah bakteri pada suhu ruang (20-25^oC) meningkat lebih cepat dibandingkan pada suhu dingin (2-8^oC) selama waktu penyimpanan 5 jam.

Kata kunci: infeksi saluran kemih; jumlah bakteri; lama penyimpanan; urin

Hubungan Kadar Alpha Fetoprotein dengan Derajat Keparahan Karsinoma Hepatoseluler

Favian R. Fadillah, Linda W. A. Rotty, Cerelia E. C. Sugeng — Sun, 23 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor and ranks third as the highest cause of cancer-related mortality. Hepatitis B virus infection is a risk factor found in 50% of subjects, while the remaining 50% have non-hepatitis B and non-hepatitis C etiologies. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) are the most widely used biological marker and disease staging system. This study aimed to determine the relationship between AFP levels and BCLC stages in HCC patients at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital, Manado. This was a retrospective and analytical study with a cross-sectional approach using patient medical records as samples. The results showed a total of 56 HCC patients, consisting of 43 males and 13 females, obtained using consecutive sampling techniques. Each variable was categorized into two groups: ≤200 ng/ml and >200 ng/ml for AFP; and operable (BCLC 0/A) and non-operable (BCLC B/C/D) for BCLC staging. There were two patients (3.6%) in the operable category and 54 patients (96.4%) in the non-operable category. Fisher's exact test results showed no significant relationship between AFP levels and disease severity in HCC patients (p=0.228). In conclusion, there is no significant relationship between alpha-fetoprotein levels and disease severity in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

Keywords: alpha-fetoprotein levels; hepatocellular carcinoma; BCLC staging

Abstrak: Karsinoma hepatoseluler (KHS) merupakan tumor primer pada hati yang paling umum terjadi dan menyandang peringkat ke-3 sebagai penyumbang angka kematian tertinggi yang disebabkan oleh kanker. Infeksi virus hepatitis B merupakan faktor risiko yang ditemukan pada 50% subjek dan sisanya (50%) memiliki etiologi non hepatitis B dan non hepatitis C. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) dan Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) merupakan penanda biologis dan sistem pemeringkatan derajat penyakit yang paling banyak digunakan saat ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar AFP dengan derajat BCLC pada subjek KHS di RSUP. Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Penelitian ini merupakan retrospektif analitik dengan pendekatan potong lintang yang menggunakan rekam medis pasien sebagai sampel penelitian. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 56 pasien KHS terdiri dari 43 laki-laki dan 13 perempuan dengan menggunakan teknik consecutive sampling. Masing-masing variabel dikategorikan menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu ≤200 ng/ml dan >200 ng/ml untuk AFP, serta operable (BCLC 0/A) dan non-operable (BCLC B/C/D) untuk staging BCLC. Terdapat dua subjek (3,6%) untuk kategori operable dan 54 subjek (96,4%) untuk kategori non-operable. Hasil uji Fisher’s exact menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar AFP dengan derajat keparahan penyakit pada pasien KHS (p=0,228). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar alpha fetoprotein dengan derajat keparahan penyakit pada pasien karsinoma hepatoseluler.

Kata kunci: kadar alpha-fetoprotein; karsinoma hepatoseluler; BCLC staging