The Aquatic Resources Management Study Program, the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, publishes the Platax Scientific Journal. The Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education accredits it. Platax Scientific Journal aims to disseminate knowledge and insights from research results, innovations, and reviews on water resources management. This journal publishes original research articles, short communications, and reviews on the following subjects: Coastal Management Conservation Ecotourism Aquatic Biology Aquatic Ecology Aquatic Resources Environmental Health Marine Molecular Biology ISSN: 2302-3589 (online) Accreditation Number: (SINTA 4) URL: E-Journal Universitas Sam Ratulangi (unsrat.ac.id)
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The length-weight relationship of the bigeye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus) captured by purseseiner from FMA 716 of North Sulawesi seawaters: A comparative study of the target species sizes on May and August 2022
Bigeye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus Bloch 1793) is rich source of proteins, Omega-3 fatty acids, and various important vitamins and minerals for human body, that makes the fish has an important economic value. Additionally, because of forming an important shoal on coastal seawaters, the fish is frequently captured, notably by purseseiners in an important quantity from the FMA 716 of North Sulawesi seawaters. The intensiveness captures of the fish may affect the sustainability and continuity life of the species. The research aims at analyzing some biological reproduction aspects of species based on gender and fishing season. The 400 samples, 200 tails on May and 200 tails on August 2022, have selected by a purposive random sampling from the captures. Data analisys refers to some common formulas, such as the length and weight size structure, sex and weight ratio, W-L relationship (W = aLb, W = weight, g), L = length (cmFL), a and b constants, condition factor (K), length at first capture (Lc50%). The legal size is determined by comparing the length at first capture (Lc50%) observed and at first maturity (Lm50%) reference. On May, the sample weight is 33,439 g (51.8% of 400 samples), the sex and weight ratios are 1:1.08 and 1:1.36 respectively with the conversion factor (cf) of 1.26. The average length and weight sizes are 21.62 ± 0.17 cm and 167.20 ± 5.15 g respectively, where the average weight per 1 cmFL is 7.67 ± 0.18 g. The L-W relationship follows W = 0.1492 L 3.0785 (r = 0.86) for male, W = 0.0566 L 3.8088 (r = 0.90) for female, and W = 0.0864 L 3.4940 (r = 0.91) for all, with K average of 1.60 ± 0.02 for male, 1.66 ± 0.03 for female, and 1.63 ± 0.02 for 200 samples. On August, the sample weight is 31,115 g (48.2% of 400 samples), the sex and weight ratios are 1:1.50 and 1:1.82 respectively, with cf of 1.21. The average length and weight sizes are 21.49 ± 0.16 cm and 155.58 ± 4.71 g respectively, where the average weight per 1 cmFL is 7.19 ± 0.17 g. The L-W relationship follows W = 0.1515 L 3.047 (r = 0.88) for male, W = 0.0789 L 3.5485 (r = 0.88) for female, and W = 0.0836 L 3.5023 (r = 0.90) for all samples, with K average of 1.50 ± 0.02 for male, 1.58 ± 0.03for female, and K of 1.55 ± 0.02 for 200 samples. On both fishing seasons, all captures are categorized a positive allometry (b>3) and 96.75% of captures has a legal size. All females have passed their first maturity stage. For this reason, the fishermen must consider carefully when they catch the fishes, outside of the two months. Considering the intensiveness of fishing activities to such species, it is indispensable since early for all stakeholders designing a regulation to limitate captutes by gender size and fishing seasons, for all species of high potential and economic value of high density of shoals. Key words: bigeye scad, biological reproduction aspects, FMA 716, North Sulawesi, fish conservationn
Copyright (c) 2025 Effendi P. Sitanggang, Johnny Budiman, Dyan F. D. Sitanggang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatial Analysis of Shallow Sea Benthic Habitats Based on Sentinel-2A Imagery in the Southern Waters of Manado Bay
The southern coastal region of Manado Bay is experiencing intensive development pressure alongside increasing tourism activities and marine space utilization. These conditions have the potential to cause degradation of shallow-water benthic habitats, which play a vital ecological role. This study aims to map and analyze the spatio-temporal changes of shallow-water benthic habitats in southern Manado Bay using Sentinel-2A satellite imagery as the primary data source. Analysis was conducted using Sentinel-2A imagery from the 2017-2023 period through stages of image pre-processing, water column correction, and unsupervised classification using the K-means algorithm. Evaluation of the classification results was performed using an error matrix to obtain overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient values. The results indicate that the overall accuracy ranged from 72-78% with Kappa coefficients between 0.60-0.71. Spatio-temporal analysis indicates a significant decline in live coral cover from 41.09% to 28.17% during the 2017-2023 period, accompanied by an increase in dead coral area and sand substrates. These findings demonstrate that Sentinel-2A imagery can be effectively utilized for monitoring the dynamics of shallow-water benthic habitats at a regional scale and has the potential to support sustainable coastal zone planning and management. Keywords: Change Detection, Coastal Management, Sentinel-2A, Benthic Habitat. Abstrak. Wilayah pesisir selatan Teluk Manado mengalami tekanan pembangunan yang intensif seiring dengan meningkatnya aktivitas pariwisata dan pemanfaatan ruang laut. Kondisi ini berpotensi menyebabkan degradasi habitat bentik perairan dangkal, yang memainkan peran ekologis vital. Studi ini bertujuan untuk memetakan dan menganalisis perubahan spasial-temporal habitat bentik perairan dangkal di selatan Teluk Manado menggunakan citra satelit Sentinel-2A sebagai sumber data utama. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan citra Sentinel-2A dari periode 2017-2023 melalui tahapan pra-pemrosesan citra, koreksi kolom air, dan klasifikasi tanpa pengawasan menggunakan algoritma K-means. Evaluasi hasil klasifikasi dilakukan menggunakan matriks kesalahan untuk mendapatkan akurasi keseluruhan dan nilai koefisien Kappa. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa akurasi keseluruhan berkisar antara 72-78% dengan koefisien Kappa antara 0,60-0,71. Analisis spasial-temporal menunjukkan penurunan signifikan pada tutupan karang hidup dari 41,09% menjadi 28,17% selama periode 2017-2023, disertai dengan peningkatan luas karang mati dan substrat pasir. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa citra Sentinel-2A dapat dimanfaatkan secara efektif untuk memantau dinamika habitat bentik perairan dangkal pada skala regional dan berpotensi mendukung perencanaan dan pengelolaan zona pesisir yang berkelanjutan. Kata kunci: Deteksi Perubahan, Pengelolaan Pesisir, Sentinel-2A, Habitat Bentik
Copyright (c) 2025 Kevin Putra Antou, Ari B. Rondonuwu, Unstain N. W. J. Rembet, Vivanda O. J. Modaso, Lusia Manu, Kurniati Kemer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Coral and Reef Fish Biodiversity in the Waters of Bangka Island, North Sulawesi
This study documents and identifies the diversity of coral reefs and reef fish species in the waters of Bangka Island, North Sulawesi, a coastal area rich in marine biodiversity and ecologically and economically important to the local community. The Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method was used through snorkeling and diving at depths of less than 18 meters at three locations (Coral Eye house reef, Tanjung Husi, and Linggua) from March 14 to April 4, 2025. Visual data were collected and identified in the Coral Eye Library. The results indicate that the coral reef ecosystem around Coral Eye is dominated by branching corals (Acropora) and stony corals (massive), which are important habitats for reef fish. The reef fish community is dominated by the families Pomacentridae and Chaetodontidae at depths of less than 20 meters. Fish were grouped into indicator fish (family Chaetodontidae with 6 species), target fish (5 families with 10 species, including Serranidae, Mullidae, Siganidae, Labridae, and Scaridae), and major groups (14 families with 34 species). This study provides strategic recommendations for maintaining and preserving coral reef ecosystems and reef fish diversity on Bangka Island. Keywords: Coral reefs; Reef fish; Bangka Island Abstrak. Penelitian ini mendokumentasikan dan mengidentifikasi keanekaragaman terumbu karang dan spesies ikan karang di perairan Pulau Bangka, Sulawesi Utara, sebuah kawasan pesisir yang kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati laut dan penting secara ekologis serta ekonomis bagi masyarakat setempat. Menggunakan metode Underwater Visual Census (UVC) melalui snorkeling dan penyelaman pada kedalaman kurang dari 18 meter di tiga lokasi (Coral Eye house reef, Tanjung Husi, dan Linggua) dari 14 Maret hingga 4 April 2025. Data visual dikumpulkan dan diidentifikasi di Perpustakaan Coral Eye. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekosistem terumbu karang di sekitar Coral Eye didominasi oleh terumbu karang bercabang (Acropora) dan terumbu karang batu (massive), yang merupakan habitat penting bagi ikan karang. Komunitas ikan karang didominasi oleh famili Pomacentridae dan Chaetodontidae pada kedalaman kurang dari 20 meter. Ikan dikelompokkan menjadi ikan indikator (famili Chaetodontidae dengan 6 spesies), ikan target (5 famili dengan 10 spesies seperti Serranidae, Mullidae, Siganidae, Labridae, dan Scaridae), dan kelompok major group (14 famili dengan 34 spesies). Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi strategis untuk menjaga dan melestarikan ekosistem terumbu karang dan keanekaragaman ikan karang di Pulau Bangka. Kata kunci: Terumbu karang; Ikan karang; Pulau Bangka
Copyright (c) 2026 Rose O. S. E. Mantiri, Andarum Septianto, Moh. Ridwan, Putu Ayu Suputri, Thania Theresia Podung, Vennda Uno Kalmareuro, Deiske A. Sumilat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of the Role of Seagrass Biodiversity in Supporting the Conservation of Marine Ecosystems in the Nias Islands, North Sumatra
Seagrass ecosystems are essential components of coastal environments and play a strategic role in maintaining the stability and sustainability of marine ecosystems. This study aimed to analyze seagrass species diversity and the role of seagrass biodiversity in supporting marine ecosystem conservation in the Nias Islands, North Sumatra. The research was conducted at three locations: La’aya Village (North Nias Regency), Fodo Waters (Gunungsitoli City), and waters near Sirombu Port (West Nias Regency), using the quadrat transect method during the lowest low tide. Data analysis included density, frequency, cover, Important Value Index (IVI), and the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′). The results identified five seagrass species, namely Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea serrulata, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis, and Thalassia hemprichii. Syringodium isoetifolium was the dominant species with the highest IVI across all study sites. The seagrass diversity index values ranged from 1.55 to 1.57, indicating a moderate level of diversity and a relatively stable community structure. These findings suggest that seagrass ecosystems in the Nias Islands are still functioning effectively and play a crucial role in supporting coastal stability, marine biodiversity, and as a scientific basis for sustainable marine ecosystem management and conservation. Keywords: coastal ecosystem; marine conservation; Nias Islands; seagrass biodiversity Abstrak Ekosistem lamun merupakan salah satu komponen penting ekosistem pesisir yang memiliki peranan strategis dalam menunjang keberlanjutan dan konservasi ekosistem laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat keanekaragaman jenis lamun serta peranan biodiversitas lamun dalam mendukung upaya konservasi ekosistem laut di Kepulauan Nias, Sumatera Utara. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tiga lokasi, yaitu Perairan Desa La’aya (Kabupaten Nias Utara), Perairan Fodo (Kota Gunungsitoli), dan Perairan dekat Pelabuhan Sirombu (Kabupaten Nias Barat). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode transek kuadrat pada saat surut terendah, dengan analisis struktur komunitas meliputi kerapatan, frekuensi, penutupan, Indeks Nilai Penting (INP), serta indeks keanekaragaman Shannon–Wiener (H′). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat lima jenis lamun, yaitu Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea serrulata, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis, dan Thalassia hemprichii. Syringodium isoetifolium merupakan spesies dominan di seluruh lokasi dengan nilai INP tertinggi. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman lamun pada ketiga lokasi berada pada kategori sedang, dengan nilai H′ berkisar antara 1,55–1,57. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa struktur komunitas lamun relatif stabil dan masih mampu menjalankan fungsi ekologisnya secara optimal. Keanekaragaman lamun yang masih terjaga berperan penting dalam mendukung stabilitas ekosistem pesisir, penyediaan habitat biota laut, serta menjadi dasar ilmiah dalam perencanaan pengelolaan dan konservasi ekosistem laut di Kepulauan Nias secara berkelanjutan. Kata kunci: Kata kunci: biodiversitas lamun; ekosistem pesisir; konservasi laut; Kepulauan Nias
Copyright (c) 2026 Nistiarni Zebua, Ratna Dewi Zebua, Betzy V. Telaumbanua, Destriman Laoli, Januari Dawolo, Okniel Zebua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization of Initial Weight and Depth in Vertical Culture of Caulerpa lentillifera Using Monofilament Nylon Rope
This study aimed to analyze the effects of initial seed weight and cultivation depth on the growth of Caulerpa lentillifera in a vertical culture system using monofilament nylon rope as the planting medium in the coastal waters of Bahoi Village, North Minahasa. A 3×3 factorial design was applied, consisting of three initial weights (50 g, 100 g, and 150 g) and three depths (20 cm, 70 cm, and 120 cm), each with three replications. Observed parameters included absolute growth and specific growth rate (SGR) over a 28-day cultivation period. The results indicated that initial weight significantly affected growth, whereas depth had no significant effect and no interaction was detected between the two factors. The 50 g treatment produced the highest growth performance with an SGR of 1.39 ± 0.08% day⁻¹, which falls within the productivity range of tropical open-sea farming systems. These findings highlight that optimizing seed weight plays a more critical role than shallow depth variation in improving the cultivation efficiency of C. lentillifera under a monofilament nylon-based vertical culture system. Keywords: initial weight; marine aquaculture; C. lentillifera; monofilament nylon; vertical culture system. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh berat awal bibit dan kedalaman pemeliharaan terhadap pertumbuhan Caulerpa lentillifera pada sistem vertikultur menggunakan tali nilon monofilamen sebagai media tanam di perairan Desa Bahoi, Minahasa Utara. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan faktorial 3×3 dengan tiga taraf berat awal (50 g, 100 g, dan 150 g) serta tiga taraf kedalaman (20 cm, 70 cm, dan 120 cm), masing-masing tiga ulangan. Parameter yang diamati meliputi pertumbuhan mutlak dan laju pertumbuhan harian (SGR) selama 28 hari. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa berat awal berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan, sedangkan kedalaman tidak berpengaruh nyata dan tidak terdapat interaksi antara kedua faktor. Perlakuan 50 g menghasilkan pertumbuhan tertinggi dengan nilai SGR 1,39 ± 0,08% per hari. Nilai tersebut berada dalam kisaran produktivitas sistem budidaya laut terbuka tropis. Hasil penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa optimasi ukuran bibit lebih menentukan dibandingkan variasi kedalaman dangkal dalam meningkatkan efisiensi budidaya C. lentillifera pada sistem vertikultur berbasis tali nilon monofilamen. Kata kunci: berat bibit; budidaya laut; C. lentillifera; nilon monofilamen; sistem vertikal
Copyright (c) 2026 Edwin L. A. Ngangi, M.Si, Adnan S. Wantasen, Sammy N. J. Longdong, Unstain N.W.J. Rembet, Joppy D. Mudeng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of the Role and Contribution of Coastal Women to Family Income in Talise Village, West Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency
The purpose of this study is to identify and carefully analyze the roles of coastal women and the types of independent businesses they engage in, not only as housewives but also as family economic supporters in Talise Village, West Likupang District, and to analyze the contribution of women's income to family income. This study was conducted in Talise Village, West Likupang District. The respondents used as samples in this study were married women who owned businesses, had activities outside the home, and resided in Talise Village. The sampling method used in this study was purposive sampling, a sampling technique based on certain considerations such as population characteristics or previously known characteristics (Notoatmodjo, 2010). Some of the respondent criteria were: married, owned businesses, had activities outside the home, and resided in Talise Village. The total number of respondents was 20. This research will contribute to the achievement of UNSRAT's 2021–2025 Strategic Plan for Maritime Excellence, focusing on the research topic of Empowering and Enhancing Women's Participation and Social Inclusion in the Maritime Environment. Keywords: Women's Roles and Contributions, Family Income, Talise Village Abstrak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis dengan cermat bentuk peran perempuan pesisir serta bentuk usaha mandiri, selain sebagai ibu rumah tangga, juga sebagai penyokong perekonomian keluarga di Desa Talise, Kecamatan Likupang Barat, serta menganalisis besarnya kontribusi pendapatan perempuan terhadap pendapatan keluarga. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Talise, Kecamatan Likupang Barat. Responden yang dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu perempuan yang sudah menikah, punya usaha, punya aktivitas di luar rumah dan bermukim di Desa Talise. Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah purposive sampling, yaitu teknik pengambilan sampel yang berdasarkan suatu pertimbangan tertentu seperti sifat-sifat populasi ataupun ciri-ciri yang sudah diketahui sebelumnya (Notoatmodjo, 2010)11. Beberapa kriteria responden yaitu : sudah menikah, punya usaha, dan punya aktivitas di luar rumah serta tinggal di Desa Talise. Jumlah responden berjumlah 20 orang. Penelitian ini akan berkontribusi pada pencapaian RENSTRA UNSRAT 2021 –2025 di Bidang Unggulan Kemaritiman yang difokuskan pada topik riset Pemberdayaan dan Peningkatan Partisipasi Perempuan dan Inklusi Sosial dalam Lingkungan Kemaritiman. Kata Kunci: Peran dan Kontribusi Perempuan, Pendapatan Keluarga, Desa Talise
Copyright (c) 2025 Grace O. Tambani, Jety K. Rangan, Olvie Vanda Kotambunan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus Sp. Dosage on Growth and Survival of Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
This study was conducted to analyze the effect of probiotic application in water media on the growth and survival of vannamei shrimp. It also aimed to determine the optimal probiotic dosage for enhancing growth and survival. The research was carried out for 45 days using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments included different probiotic dosages: Treatment A = addition of Lactobacillus sp. at 2.0 ml/L, Treatment B = 2.5 ml/L, and Treatment C = 3.0 ml/L. Data were analyzed using ANOVA through the SPSS application. The observed parameters during the study included length growth, weight gain, and survival rate. Based on probiotic bacteria testing conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo (UNG), the probiotic developed through fermentation showed bacterial growth identified as Lactobacillus, with a total colony count of 1.23 × 10⁸ CFU/ml. The results indicated that Treatment C (Lactobacillus sp. 3.0 ml/L) provided the best growth performance, with weight gain of 0.23 g and length growth of 1.02 cm. Meanwhile, the highest survival rate was found in Treatment B (Lactobacillus sp. 2.5 ml/L), at 54%. According to the ANOVA results, different probiotic dosages of Lactobacillus sp. had a significant effect on length growth but showed no significant effect on weight gain and survival of vannamei shrimp. Keywords: Vannamei shrimp, Lactobacillus sp., growth, survival rate Abstrak. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pemberian probiotik pada media air terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup udang vaname. Serta menganalisis dosis terbaik pemberian probiotik terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup udang vaname. Penelitian dilakukan selama 45 hari menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Dengan pemberian dosis yang berbeda perlakuan A = Penambahan probiotik Lactobacillus sp. 2,0 ml/l, perlakuan B = Penambahan probiotik Lactobacillussp.2,5 ml/l, Perlakuan C = Penambahan probiotik Lactobacillussp.3,0 ml/l. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu ANOVA dengan menggunakan aplikasi SPSS. Parameter yang diamati selama penelitian yaitu pertumbuhan panjang, berat, tingkat kelangsungan hidup. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian bakteri probiotik yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi, Fakultas MIPA, UNG, menunjukkan adanya bakteri yang tumbuh dari probiotik yang dibuat dengan cara fermentasi, memperoleh jenis bakteri Lactobacillus dengan perhitungan total koloni yang diperoleh yaitu 1,23 × 10^8 CFU/ml. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan C (probiotik Lactobacillus sp.3,0 ml/l) memberikan hasil pertumbuhan yang terbaik, yaitu pertumbuhan berat = 0,23 g, pertumbuhan panjang = 1,02 cm. Sedangkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup yang terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan B (probiotik Lactobacillus sp.2,5 ml/l) yaitu 54%. Berdasarkan hasil ANOVA, pemberian probiotik Lactobacillus sp. yang berbeda memberikan pengaruh berbeda nyata terhadap pertumbuhan panjang, namun tidak berbeda nyata terhadap pertumbuhan berat dan kelangsungan hidup udang vaname. Kata Kunci: Udang vaname, lactobacillus Sp, pertumbuhan, kelangsungan hidup
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurain Rajak, Hasim, Arafik Lamadi, Mita Alvionita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Architectural and Infrastructure Intervention Priorities for Community Based Ecotourism Villages Using A 4a Moora Model: North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Public programs supporting community-based ecotourism frequently face the problem of allocating limited budgets across multiple candidate villages that differ in attraction quality, service readiness, accessibility, and community capacity. This study develops a transparent decision support approach to prioritize government assistance for five community-based ecotourism villages in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, assessed during September to October 2025. The 4A destination framework was operationalized into 12 criteria representing Attraction, Amenity, Access, and Activity, and criterion weights were elicited through expert judgment averaging from an eight-member multistakeholder panel. The Multi Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis method was applied to normalize the decision matrix, incorporate weights, and compute optimization scores. The resulting priority ranking was Budo (A3) with a MOORA score of 0.4036, Kakaskasen II (A4) with 0.3928, Bahoi (A1) with 0.3744, Pulisan (A2) with 0.3279, and Poopo (A5) with 0.2564. Dimension level interpretation indicates that Budo’s leading position is driven by strong amenity readiness and the most favorable access contribution, while Kakaskasen II performs strongly through activity diversity and homestay capacity but requires strengthened environmental management. Bahoi emerges as a conservation-oriented option constrained mainly by access and connectivity, whereas Pulisan and Poopo are primarily limited by minimum service readiness and travel time. A sensitivity check on the travel time weight shows stable ranks under plausible weight shifts, supporting the robustness of the prioritization. The study contributes an auditable ranking tool and criterion level development levers to guide staged, evidence-based allocation of government support for community-based ecotourism. Keywords: accessibility, community-based ecotourism, decision support system, moora, tourism village
Copyright (c) 2026 Leidy Magrid Rompas, Tamas Misik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AI Capabilities as Mediators in Marketing Innovation: A Cross-Cultural Study of Technology Features and User Engagement Among Generation Z in Indonesia and Hungary
This study investigates the mediating role of AI capabilities in the relationship between technology features and user engagement among Generation Z, with a cross-cultural focus on Indonesia and Hungary. The aim is to explore how cultural and technological contexts shape marketing innovation and user behavior. The research employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) to analyze survey data from 743 Generation Z respondents (415 in Indonesia and 328 in Hungary). The study examines direct and mediated relationships between technology features, AI capabilities, and user engagement, and tests cross-cultural differences. The results reveal that AI capabilities significantly mediate the effect of technology features on user engagement, with notable differences between the two countries. Indonesian Gen Z emphasizes the direct and mediated effects of technology features, leveraging immersive and interactive platforms, while Hungarian Gen Z prioritizes ethical and sustainability-driven AI solutions as key drivers of engagement. The study is limited to Generation Z in two countries, and future research could expand the scope to include other generational cohorts and regions. Longitudinal studies and behavioral data could also enhance the understanding of evolving user engagement dynamics. The findings highlight the importance of integrating AI-driven personalization, interactivity, and predictive analytics into marketing strategies to enhance engagement. Businesses targeting Gen Z should tailor their approaches to specific cultural and technological contexts, leveraging immersive technologies in Indonesia and sustainability-focused AI in Hungary. This research underscores the potential of AI and technology features to shape ethical and sustainable consumption patterns among Generation Z, informing corporate social responsibility and digital marketing practices. The study provides a quantitative hierarchy of relationships between technology features, AI capabilities, and user engagement, validated across culturally diverse contexts. It offers actionable insights for businesses and contributes to the theoretical understanding of cross-cultural technology adoption and marketing innovation. Keywords: Generation Z, AI Capabilities, User Engagement, Technology Features, Cross-Cultural Analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Johan Reineer Tumiwa, Octavia Diana Monica Tuegeh, Franda Benedicta Paat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrated Ecological and Socio-Economic Assessment for Sustainable Marine Ecotourism Development in Lihaga Island: An Ecosystem Service-Based Approach
Lihaga Island, positioned within Indonesia's Likupang Special Economic Zone, exemplifies the challenge of balancing tourism development with ecosystem conservation. This study integrates ecological and socio-economic assessments to inform sustainable management of marine ecotourism. Ecological data were collected using the Line Intercept Transect method across three stations at 3- and 10-meter depths. Results revealed a mean hard coral cover of 30.63%, which is classified as moderate according to the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Decree No. 4/2001, though significant spatial variation was observed across stations. Thirty-four coral genera were identified, dominated by Porites (36.12%). The Tourism Suitability Index scored 62%, indicating conditional suitability for diving and snorkeling. Community surveys (n=60) demonstrated overwhelming support for ecotourism (90% positive), with all respondents expressing interest in tourism village programs. However, 40% lacked tourism experience, indicating a need for capacity building. Findings reveal that sustainable development requires integrated spatial zoning, community empowerment, reef restoration, and monitoring systems. This research contributes integrated assessment frameworks for ecotourism in Indonesian Special Economic Zones and provides actionable recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders. Keywords: coral reef assessment, ecosystem services, marine ecotourism, sustainable tourism
Copyright (c) 2026 Indri Shelovita Manembu, Noldy G.F. Mamangkey, Hermanto W.K. Manengkey, Unstain N.W.J. Rembet, Ari B. Rondonuwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preliminary Study on the Reproduction of Three Rabbitfish Species (Siganidae) in Sopura Bay, Kolaka Regency
This preliminary study investigated the reproductive biology of three rabbitfish species Siganus doliatus, Siganus canaliculatus, and Siganus puellus collected from Sopura Bay, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. A total of 351 individuals were analyzed between September and November 2025 to determine sex ratio, gonad maturity stages, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and length at first gonad maturity (Lₘ). The results showed male-biased populations in S. puellus (1.53:1) and S. doliatus (1.82:1), while S. canaliculatus exhibited a balanced sex ratio (1.01:1). Most individuals were at gonad maturity stages III–IV, indicating active gonadal development during the sampling period, with the spawning peak estimated in late October to November. The Lₘ values differed between species and sexes, suggesting adaptive reproductive strategies, where males generally matured at smaller sizes than females. The highest GSI values were recorded in S. puellus, indicating higher reproductive activity. These findings provide essential baseline data for understanding reproductive patterns and support sustainable management of rabbitfish resources in Sopura Bay
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Gazali, M Din Hamdan Sanjaya, Juhardin , Melati Octapian Simanjuntak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unmasking The Hidden Costs of Ecotourism: A Green Accounting Decision Support System Using Spatial Macro-Tourist Data
While ecotourism is frequently championed as a sustainable solution, the influx of mass tourism often generates hidden ecological costs that remain unrecorded in conventional accounting frameworks. This study aims to design a spatial Decision Support System (DSS) model that integrates green accounting principles with macro-tourism data. Employing the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method, this research evaluates the disparity between tourist volume (14.5 million movements) and community-based accommodation capacities within the ecotourism epicenter of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Two novel spatial accounting indicators are introduced: the Local Carrying Capacity Ratio (LCCR) and the Estimated Environmental Cost (EEC), monetized in the domestic currency (IDR). The DSS algorithm reveals a sustainability paradox: North Minahasa Regency, despite recording the lowest tourist volume (650,320 visitors), emerges as the most critical ecological zone (preference score of 0.586). This vulnerability is attributed to a severe infrastructure deficit that precipitates an extreme overshoot in carrying capacity (LCCR 26.20). Conversely, Manado City implicitly accrues an annual ecological debt exceeding IDR 24.5 billion driven by emissions and waste. These findings underscore that the omission of macro-spatial metrics from regional balance sheets can result in misguided investment policies. Ultimately, the proposed DSS model offers a strategic framework for local governments to formulate equitable carbon levies and reallocate tourism revenues toward the development of local community infrastructure. Keywords: Carrying Capacity, Decision Support System, Ecotourism, Green Accounting, Hidden Costs
Copyright (c) 2026 Octavia D. M. Tuegeh, Adrian Szilard Nagy, Jehezkiel Timotius Tualangi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identification of the types and characteristics of marine debris in Manado Bay, North Sulawesi Province
This study analyses the spatial distribution and composition of marine debris in Manado Bay and discusses implications for coastal management strategies. Shoreline surveys across multiple sites assessed item counts, weight, material types and seasonal variation. The results of the analysis at Buloh Coast and Molas Coast, showed striking differences in the composition and density of marine garbage. On the Buloh coast, wood dominates with the highest density, especially in Transek 4 (85 grams/m2) and Transek 5 (57 g/m2), while plastics are also very significant, especially on Transek 5, with a very high density (86 gram/m2). On the other hand, on the Molas coast the wood remains the dominant type of garbage with the largest density at Transek 4, (51 g/ m2), but plastics show greater variation and do not reach the density as high as Buloh Coast, with the maximum density being at Transak 4, (48 g / m2). For plastic foam, the densities at Buloh Beach are relatively higher at Transec 5 (30 grams / m2) compared to Molas Coasts, where the greatest densities are at the Transek 2 (28 g /m2). Meanwhile, the glass and ceramic densities in Molas Beach are relatively higher at the transek (40 grams) compared with the Buloh coasts, the latter showing lower glass density and ceramic data. Results indicate plastics dominate debris composition, with seasonal peaks associated with rainfall and riverine inputs. Management recommendations include source reduction, improved solid-waste services, community engagement, and long-term monitoring to inform policy. Keywords: Marine debris, coastal management, Manado Bay, waste distribution, plastic pollution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meita Jeane Wini Lepar, James Tumbal, Conny M. Mandagi, Tartius Timpal, Nicolaas H. Mait, Vonny O. Rompas, Timothy Undap, Janny D. Kusen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integration of Agisoft Metashape and eCognition for Mapping Mangrove Ecosystems and Benthic Habitats Using UAV Technology
Accurate mapping of coastal ecosystems is essential for marine resource management and biodiversity conservation. This study integrates UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology, Agisoft Metashape photogrammetry, and Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) using eCognition to map mangrove ecosystems and benthic habitats in the coastal area of Tiwoho Village, North Minahasa Regency. Data acquisition using DJI drone produced 949 aerial photos at 60.1 meters altitude with 80% overlap covering an area of 0.361 km². Orthophoto with spatial resolution of 1.43 cm/pixel was generated through photogrammetric processing in Agisoft Metashape. Image classification was performed using a two-level hierarchical approach: Level 1 for general zonation (land, shallow water, deep water) using rule-based classification, and Level 2 for detailed benthic habitat identification (primary mangrove, secondary mangrove, sand, seagrass, coral) using Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. Classification results showed Overall Accuracy of 89% and Kappa Index of 94.03% with User's Accuracy ranging from 0.89-0.97 and Producer's Accuracy 0.92-0.99. This integrated workflow proved effective for coastal ecosystem mapping with high accuracy and can be replicated in other regions. Keywords: UAV, photogrammetry, OBIA, Support Vector Machine, benthic habitat, mangrove
Copyright (c) 2026 Adnan S. Wantasen, Wilmy E. Pelle, Alex. D. Kambey, Ari B. Rondonuwu, Xavier L. Tamu'u, Unstain N. W. J. Rembet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PKM Empowerment of Sunday School Teachers of the Holy Path Evangelical Church (GPIJS) Bitung City, North Sulawesi Province Through Fish Processing Diversification Activities
Bitung City is known as the City of Skipjack Tuna, offering a variety of fresh fish at affordable prices. Several fish processing companies are also operating, with some members of the GPIJS Sunday school teachers' group also employed by these companies. Tuna offshoots (the flesh attached to the bone) are sold at very low prices at Rp 20,000/kg. These offshoots can be processed into nuggets, kakinaga, and fish balls (a diversified fish product) that can be sold at a higher price. If the diversification of processed fish (nuggets, kakinaga and meatballs) made from tuna fish meat is taught to GPIJS Bitung City Sunday school teachers, they can be empowered to produce healthy and nutritious food and can also be a part-time job that earns money to help their families who are mostly poor, besides that they can also teach Sunday school children about the benefits of eating fish and at the same time improve children's nutrition to prevent stunting. The objectives of this PKM are: empowering GPIJS Sunday school teachers through diversified processed fish activities, namely: (1) utilizing raw materials (fish meatballs) that have low prices, (2) improving the skills of Sunday school teachers in making various forms of processed fish such as fish nuggets, fish balls and dragon fish legs as nutritious foods and popular with consumers, (3) Creating innovative entrepreneurs for processed fish. The long-term goal is to improve nutrition and family welfare. The implementation methods that will be applied in this program are: (1) Counseling, training in diversified processed fish (2) Mentoring and (3) Evaluation. The results achieved were that the PKM partners understood the nutritional value of tuna and were able to make their own tuna nuggets and kakinaga, a highly nutritious food with excellent organoleptic qualities. Keywords: PKM, Sunday School Teachers, Fish Nuggets, Fish Kakinaga Abstrak. Kota Bitung terkenal dengan julukan Kota Cakalang, di kota ini terdapat berjenis-jenis ikan segar dengan harga yang terjangkau. Selain itu, terdapat juga beberapa perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang pengolahan hasil perikanan dimana beberapa anggota kelompok guru-guru Sekolah Minggu GPIJS adalah karyawan pada perusahaan-perusahaan tersebut. Daging tetelan ikan tuna (daging yang menempel pada tulang) di perusahan-perusahan tersebut mempunyai harga sangat murah yaitu Rp 20.000/kg, tetelan daging tuna ini bisa diolah menjadi nugget, kakinaga maupun bakso ikan (produk diversivikasi olahan ikan) yang bisa dijual dengan harga yang lebih mahal. Bila kegiatan diversifikasi olahan ikan (nugget, kakinaga dan bakso) berbahan dasar tetelan daging ikan tuna ini di ajarkan ke guru-guru sekolah minggu GPIJS Kota Bitung maka mereka dapat diberdayakan baik untuk menghasilkan makanan sehat dan bergizi juga dapat menjadi pekerjaan sambilan yang menghasilkan uang untuk membantu keluarga mereka yang kebanyakan tergolong masyarakat miskin, selain itu mereka juga bisa mengajar ke anak-anak sekolah minggu tentang manfaat makan ikan dan sekaligus meningkatkan gizi anak-anak untuk mencegah stunting. Tujuan PKM ini adalah: memberdayakan guru-guru Sekolah Minggu GPIJS melalui kegiatan diversifikasi olahan ikan, yaitu: (1) memanfaatkan bahan baku (tetelan ikan) yang mempunyai harga yang murah, (2) meningkatkan keterampilan guru-guru Sekolah Minggu dalam melakukan berbagai bentuk olahan ikan seperti nugget ikan, bakso ikan dan kaki naga ikan sebagai pangan yang kaya gizi dan digemari oleh konsumen, (3) menciptakan wirausaha yang inovatif untuk olahan ikan. Tujuan jangka panjang yaitu untuk peningkatan gizi dan kesejahteraan keluarga. Metode pelaksanaan yang akan diterapkan pada program ini yaitu: (1) penyuluhan, pelatihan diversifikasi olahan ikan; (2) pendampingan; dan (3) evaluasi. Hasil yang telah dicapai adalah mitra PKM telah mengerti tentang gizi daging ikan tuna dan mampu membuat sendiri nugget dan kakinaga ikan tuna sebagai makanan bergizi tinggi dan mempunyai nilai organoleptik yang baik. Kata Kunci: PKM, Guru-Guru Sekolah Minggu, Nuget ikan, Kakinaga Ikan
Copyright (c) 2026 Verly Dotulong, Lena J. Damongilala, Helen J. Lohoo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Feasibility of Mangrove Ecosystems in Improving Coastal Community Economies in Boalemo Regency
Mangrove ecosystems are coastal ecosystems with significant potential to enhance community economies, as they provide essential livelihood resources for coastal populations. This study aims to assess the feasibility of mangrove ecosystems in improving the economic conditions of coastal communities in Boalemo Regency. The research employed field observations and surveys through questionnaires, along with field documentation, to evaluate the ecological and economic aspects of mangroves. Data analysis included the Important Value Index (IVI), mangrove diversity index, economic value assessment, and Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) to determine feasibility based on sustainability criteria. The ecological condition of mangroves in Boalemo Regency shows high density, with 65,800 seedlings/ha, 6,030 saplings/ha, and 2,300 trees/ha. The highest frequencies were recorded for Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, and Sonneratia alba, while mangrove cover was dominated by Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora stylosa. The diversity index was high in seedling and sapling categories and moderate in trees. The economic value of mangroves is derived from direct utilization of stems, leaves, fruits, and fisheries products such as shrimp, crabs, fish, and shellfish. Overall, mangrove ecosystems in Boalemo Regency are moderately sustainable in supporting community economic development. Keywords: Mangrove Ecology, Community Economy, Mangrove Feasibility Abstrak. Ekosistem mangrove merupakan ekosistem pesisir yang berpotensi meningkatkan ekonomi masyarakat. Ekosistem mangrove berperan sebagai sumber kebutuhan hidup masyarakat pesisir. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kelayakan ekosistem mangrove sehingga dapat meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Boalemo. Metode penelitian ini yaitu observasi dan survei lapangan melalui penyebaran kuesioner serta dokumentasi lapangan mengenai penilaian ekologi dan ekonomi mangrove. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis INP, indeks keanekaragaman mangrove, nilai manfaat mangrove dan analisis Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) untuk penilaian kelayakan berdasarkan kriteria keberlanjutan. Kondisi ekologi mangrove di Kabupaten Boalemo memiliki kerapatan tinggi, yakni semai 65.800/hektar, pancang 6.030/hektar dan pohon 2.300/hektar. Frekuensi tertinggi dimiliki oleh jenis Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, dan Sonneratia alba. Tutupan mangrove didominasi oleh jenis Sonneratia alba dan Rhizophora stylosa. INP tertinggi untuk semai Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, dan pohon Ceriops decandra. Indeks keanekaragaman tinggi pada kategori semai dan pancang dan keanekaragaman sedang pada kategori pohon. Pemanfaatan ekosistem mangrove merupakan nilai ekonomi yang dihasilkan dari pemanfaatan langsung ekosistem mangrove melalui hasil pemanfaatan batang, daun, buah mangrove dan pemanfaatan perikanan udang, kepiting, ikan dan kerang-kerangan. Ekosistem mangrove di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Boalemo memiliki nilai kelayakan ekologi yang cukup berkelanjutan dalam menunjang perekonomian masyarakat. Kata kunci: Ekologi Mangrove, Ekonomi Masyarakat, Kelayakan Mangrove
Copyright (c) 2026 Erlansyah, Yulinda R. Antu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sustainable Supply Chain Strategies to Enhance the Global Competitiveness of Clove Commodities in North Sulawesi
This study develops an integrated sustainable supply chain strategy to strengthen the global competitiveness of clove commodities in North Sulawesi. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, involving farmers, collectors, exporters, and government institutions, to examine supply chain conditions, identify internal and external strategic factors, and formulate actions to improve long-term competitiveness. Using SWOT, IFAS–EFAS, and TOWS analysis, the study reveals that intrinsic product quality, traditional knowledge, and strong social networks form the core strengths of the upstream actors, while major weaknesses include aging trees, inconsistent post-harvest quality, limited logistics infrastructure, and restricted market access. Externally, the clove sector has strong opportunities in premium global markets, digital supply chain transformation, certification potential, and product diversification; yet it faces significant threats, including international competition, price volatility, climate risks, and non-tariff trade barriers. The formulated strategies emphasize modernization of cultivation and post-harvest practices, digital traceability systems, structured replanting programs, cooperative-based distribution models, certification clusters, and the development of value-added derivative products. The study contributes a strategic roadmap that integrates sustainability, digitalization, and institutional collaboration to enhance supply chain efficiency, stabilize farmer welfare, and elevate the global market position of North Sulawesi cloves. Keywords: Clove supply chain; sustainable supply chain; competitiveness; TOWS strategy; IFAS–EFAS; agricultural value chain; digital traceability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indrie Debbie Palandeng, Maria V. J. Tielung, Shinta Jeanette C. Wangke , Johan Reineer Tumiwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Big Data Analytics with Blockchain Technology for Understanding Tourist Preferences in Ecotourism
This study examines the integration of big data analytics and blockchain technology to understand tourist preferences in the context of ecotourism. The research was conducted in Manado, Indonesia, and employed a mixed-methods design combining digital tourism data analysis, surveys, semi-structured interviews, and blockchain prototype implementation. The study analyzed 500 tourist reviews collected from major online platforms, involved 150 tourism SMEs as primary respondents, and piloted the proposed system with 50 selected SMEs. Big data analytics was used to identify dominant tourist preferences and segment visitors based on their behavioral patterns. At the same time, blockchain technology was implemented to improve the security, traceability, and integrity of preference data. The results revealed four major tourist segments: family travelers, solo travelers, young travelers, and international tourists, each characterized by different preference combinations related to accommodation, nature tourism, culinary experiences, and tourism services. The findings also showed that blockchain significantly strengthened data security by reducing recorded data leakage and violation cases to zero after implementation. In addition, SMEs that used preference-based insights were able to improve service personalization and reported positive business outcomes, particularly in accommodation and nature-based tourism services. User evaluation further indicated high levels of acceptance across ease of use, operational efficiency, data security, and personalization quality. Overall, the study demonstrates that integrating big data analytics and blockchain technology provides a valuable framework for delivering secure, data-driven, and personalized ecotourism services. Keywords: Big data analytics; Blockchain; Ecotourism; Service personalization; Tourist preferences
Copyright (c) 2026 Imelda W. J. Ogi, Jacline I. Sumual, Merinda H. C. Pandowo, Franda Benedicta Paat, Octavia D. M. Tuegeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Agricultural Food Supply Chain Resilience and Environmental Health: The Roles of Collaboration, Flexibility, And Agility
Agricultural food supply chains are increasingly exposed to disruptions caused by climate change, market volatility, logistical bottlenecks, and operational uncertainty, with important implications for food continuity and environmental health. This study examines the roles of supply chain collaboration, supply chain flexibility, and supply chain agility in shaping agrifood supply chain robustness in the laying hen sector of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, and data were collected from 180 valid respondents involved in the laying hen supply chain between July and October 2025. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test both direct and indirect relationships among the latent constructs. The results show that supply chain collaboration and supply chain flexibility have significant positive direct effects on agrifood supply chain robustness. Supply chain agility also has a significant direct effect and emerges as the strongest predictor of robustness. In addition, agility significantly mediates the effects of collaboration and flexibility on robustness, indicating that coordinated relationships and adaptive structures become more effective when translated into rapid operational responses. These findings suggest that resilient agricultural food supply chains depend on the integration of collaboration, flexibility, and agility to maintain supply continuity, reduce disruption impacts, and support safer and more sustainable food systems. The study contributes to the literature on agrifood resilience by linking dynamic supply chain capabilities with broader concerns of environmental health and offers practical implications for agribusiness managers and policymakers in developing regions. Keywords: Agrifood supply chain; Environmental health; Laying hen industry; Supply chain agility; Supply chain resilience
Copyright (c) 2026 Shinta Jeanette C. Wangke, Johan Reineer Tumiwa, Octavia Diana Monica Tuegeh, Franda Benedicta Paat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mapping the Potential and Distribution of Ecotourism on Ambon Island, Maluku, Indonesia
Tourism in Indonesia now plays a significant role in providing benefits to the country's economic, social, and cultural activities. The development of nature-based tourism, or what we know as ecotourism, which emphasizes local culture and wisdom, is now being widely considered in various regions to attract tourists. Data management was carried out by analyzing community perception questionnaires related to the potential and distribution of ecotourism in the form of graphs of respondent personal data, ecotourism attractions, ecotourism facilities, community participation, and environmental impacts. Also, inputting tourist location coordinate data into ArcGIS 10.8 software, then creating a database that will be supplemented with non-spatial data. The results of the study, based on a tourist survey and questionnaire results, showed that the 10 ecotourism locations were favored by both local and foreign tourists in terms of facilities, ecotourism location attractions, community participation, and environmental impacts of the ecotourism locations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fredy Leiwakabessy, Muhammad Tarmizi Kubangun, Eifan Boyke Pattiasina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Water Quality Analysis Seen from Macrobenthos (Gastropoda) Bioindicators in the Coastal Waters of Kotania Hamlet
Macrobenthos is a biological resource of water that lives at the bottom of the waters with characteristics that have a high level of sensitivity to changes in environmental quality as a bioindicator of pollution and environmental quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of macrobenthos as an indicator of pollution in the coastal waters of Kotania. Descriptive research with a random sampling method with a square transect. Data collection through observation of macrobenthos populations. The results of the macrobenthos diversity study obtained were in the Gastropoda class with six families namely Cerithiidae, Neritidae, Mitridae, Nassariidae, Littorinidae and Potamididae consisting of nine species namely Cerithium coniculatum, Nerita polita, Nerita patula, Nerita alveolus, Mitra pica, Nasarius pullus, Litorina scabra, Terebralia palustris and Telescopium telescopium, which shows its role as a potential bioindicator associated with dissolved oxygen, water clarity, and higher nutrient levels, indicating its suitability as an indicator of mild to moderate pollution conditions. These findings indicate that macrozoobenthos communities respond sensitively to land use changes and can effectively indicate variations in coastal water quality
Copyright (c) 2026 Ine Arini, Alwi Smith, Eifan Boyke Pattiasina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0