The Applied Agroecotechnology Journal is part of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado Indonesia 95115. The aim is to publish the accumulated research results related to applied agricultural science and technology (applied agroecotechnology). The Applied Agroecotechnology Journal is published 2 (two) times a year in the January-June and July-December periods. We advise authors to review our guidelines and policies in the publication process.
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Monitoring Of Aquatic Insects As Bioindicators Of River Pollution
Aquatic insects serve as reliable indicators for water quality. This study aims to monitor and identify various types of aquatic insects as bioindicators of pollution found in the Kali Pineleng River, Pineleng District, Minahasa Regency. Sampling was carried out using kick sampling, hand picking, and sweeping techniques at three Sosongian River stations. The process of identifying aquatic insects used the identification key of McCafferty (1981); Morse et al (1994); Yule & Y. Hoi Sen (2004). After identification, the data obtained were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively using the biotic index formula and diversity index. The results of the study found eight orders of aquatic insects with a total of 263 individuals from 24 families. The Hemiptera order dominates the number of individuals, followed by Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Sampling was conducted at three stations showing variations in composition and number of specimens, with Station II having the largest number of individuals. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) showed a value of 1.45341, indicating moderate diversity in the aquatic insect community. In addition, the calculation of the Biotic Index (BI) at the three stations showed that the water quality was classified as "Good", reflecting the condition of the ecosystem that still supports the life of macroinvertebrates that are sensitive to pollution. Keywords: Monitoring, aquatic insects, bioindicator, river pollution Abstrak. Serangga air berfungsi sebagai indikator yang dapat diandalkan untuk kualitas air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memantau dan mengidentifikasi berbagai jenis serangga air sebagai bioindikator pencemaran yang ditemukan di Sungai Kali Pineleng, Kecamatan Pineleng, Kabupaten Minahasa. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan teknik kick sampling, hand picking, dan sweeping di tiga stasiun Sungai Sosongian. Proses identifikasi serangga air menggunakan kunci identifikasi McCafferty (1981); Morse et al (1994); Yule & Y. Hoi Sen (2004). Setelah identifikasi, data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif dan kuantitatif menggunakan rumus indeks biotik dan indeks keanekaragaman. Hasil penelitian menemukan delapan ordo serangga air dengan total 263 individu dari 24 famili. Ordo Hemiptera mendominasi jumlah individu, diikuti oleh Ephemeroptera dan Trichoptera. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di tiga stasiun yang menunjukkan variasi komposisi dan jumlah spesimen, dengan Stasiun II memiliki jumlah individu terbanyak. Indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener (H’) menunjukkan nilai 1,45341, yang mengindikasikan keanekaragaman moderat pada komunitas serangga air. Selain itu, perhitungan Indeks Biotik (BI) di tiga stasiun menunjukkan bahwa kualitas air diklasifikasikan sebagai "Baik", mencerminkan kondisi ekosistem yang masih mendukung kehidupan makroinvertebrata yang sensitif terhadap polusi. Kata kunci: Pemantauan, serangga air, bioindikator, polusi sungai
Copyright (c) 2026 Aksay K. Gurning, Sofia Wantasen, Wilson M. Moniaga, Jackson F. Watung, Deflly A. S. Turang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatial Dynamics and Economic Drivers of Paddy Field Conversion in South Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Cropped paddy fields threaten rice self-sufficiency and rural livelihoods in many parts of Indonesia. This study examines the spatial dynamics and economic drivers of paddy field conversion in South Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, focusing on Tumpaan and Tatapaan Districts. Spatial analysis of land-use data for 2019 and 2024 was combined with farm-level surveys of 30 farmers and comparative farm-budget analysis for irrigated rice and four alternative crops (melon, watermelon, chilli and patchouli). The results show substantial paddy field loss, with net reductions of approximately 160.749 ha in Tumpaan and 82.68 ha in Tatapaan over the study period. Farm-budget comparisons indicate that irrigated rice on 0.62 ha yields only a small positive net cash income, whereas melon and watermelon on 1 ha each and chilli on 0.60 ha generate very high net cash returns in the observed season; patchouli, by contrast, is clearly unprofitable. Farmer interviews highlight high production costs and low margins for rice, labour shortages, difficulties in accessing fertiliser, deteriorating irrigation infrastructure and attractive market opportunities for horticultural crops as key drivers of conversion. The findings suggest that paddy field protection policies will remain ineffective if they are not accompanied by measures that improve the profitability and reliability of rice farming while recognising farmers’ rational responses to income opportunities from alternative crops. Keywords: paddy field conversion; farm income; horticultural crops; spatial analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiske Chriesti Rotinsulu, Sandra Engelin Pakasi, Nordy Fritsgerald Lucky Waney https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Entomopathogenic Fungi Efficacy Test Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill on Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) Larvae Mortality in Scallion Plants
Spodoptera exigua, a member of the Lepidoptera order and the Noctuidae family, has the ability to rapidly attack leek plants (Allium fistulosum L.). The goal of this study was to use B. bassiana on A. fistulosum to determine the death rate of S. exigua larvae. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used, with four treatments: P0 (control), P1 (conidia concentration 106/ml), P2 (conidia concentration 107/ml), and P3 (conidia concentration 108/ml). Repeat four times. Each replication consisted of ten larvae. A total of 160 S. exigua larvae were required. The observation findings showed that each concentration had a different LT50 value. Based on the LT50 data, treatment with a concentration of 108/ml effectively suppressed 50% of the larvae within 4 days. Significant temporal differences were detected for each conidia concentration. On the fourth day after application, a high mortality rate was observed in treatment P3 (conidia concentration of 108/ml), indicating a consistent daily larval mortality rate. The attack intensity reached 30% in just four days with a conidia concentration of 108/ml (P3), followed by P2 (107/ml) and P1 (106/ml). The mortality rate of S. exigua larvae increases linearly with conidia concentration. Keywords: Spodoptera exigua, Beauveria bassiana, Allium fistulosum L. Abstrak. Spodoptera exigua tergolong ordo Lepidoptera, famili Noctuidae. S. exigua dapat menyerang tanaman tanaman bawang daun (Allium fistulosum L.) dengan cepat dalam waktu yang singkat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah aplikasi B. bassiana pada A. fistulosum untuk mendapatkan tingkat mortalitas larva S. exigua. Completely randomized design (RAL) 4 perlakuan, terdiri atas: P0 (control), P1 (konsentrasi konidia 106/ml), P2 (konsentrasi konidia 107/ml), dan P3 (konsentrasi konidia 108/ml). Ulangan empat kali. Sampel disetiap ulangan terdiri atas 10 larvae. Total larvae yang diperlukan yaitu sebanyak 160 larva S. exigua. Hasil pengamatan mengindikasikan bahwa setiap konsentrasi memiliki nilai LT50 yang bervariasi. Dari data LT50 yang diperoleh, perlakuan dengan konsentrasi 108/ml sangat cepat mengendalikan 50 persen larvae dalam waktu 4 hari. Perbedaan waktu signifikan disetiap konsentrasi konidia yang diterapkan. Pada hari keempat setelah aplikasi, tingkat mortalitas yang signifikan terjadi pada perlakuan P3 (konsentrasi konidia 108/ml), menunjukkan tingkat mortalitas larva yang stabil setiap harinya. Intensitas serangan mencapai 30% hanya dalam empat hari dengan penggunaan konsentrasi konidia 108/ml (P3), selanjutnya P2 (konidia 107/ml), dan P1 (konidia 106/ml). Semakin tinggi konsentrasi konidia linier terhadap mortalitas level larva S. exigua. Kata kunci: Spodoptera exigua, Beauveria bassiana, Allium fistulosum L.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putra Manurung, Dantje Tarore, Frangky J. Paat, Jackson F. Watung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost, Energy-Efficient Air Fryer Prototype Using Incandescent Bulb Heating for Oil-Free Food Processing
Oil-free cooking technologies are increasingly important for promoting healthier diets, reducing dependency on volatile oil markets, and enabling sustainable food processing—particularly in rural and resource-constrained environments. This study presents the design and evaluation of a low-cost air fryer prototype powered by incandescent bulbs (60–150 W), constructed using locally available materials. Thermal performance testing showed that the prototype achieved stable chamber temperatures up to 115 °C, enabling effective oil-free frying of potato slices, banana slices, and chicken nuggets. Frying performance, measured through cooking time, moisture reduction, and sensory evaluation, demonstrated acceptable product quality with significant energy savings: only 25–75 Wh per cycle, roughly one-tenth the energy use of conventional commercial air fryers. The prototype also offers potential as a multifunctional device for dehydration and defrosting, supporting broader postharvest applications in smallholder agritech. These results highlight a promising pathway for low-power, low-cost, and sustainable food processing technologies suitable for deployment in rural communities. Future work will focus on optimizing performance, expanding product capabilities, and validating user acceptance in real-world agritech settings. Keywords: Low-power Air fryer, incandescent bulb heating, oil-free cooking, energy-efficient food processing, sustainable technology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jolanda Ch. E. Lamaega, Frangky J. Paat, Sanriomi Sintaro Sintaro, Denny Saroinsong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Digital Transformation And Omnichannel Strategies In Indonesian Agricultural Retail: A Technology Organization Environment Perspective
Digitalisation is reshaping how agricultural products and farm inputs move along value chains, yet the role of agricultural retailers in this process remains underexplored. This study investigates digital transformation and omnichannel strategies in Indonesian agricultural retail, focusing on agro input shops and agrifood outlets that combine physical stores with digital channels such as social media, marketplaces, and websites. Guided by the Technology Organization Environment framework, it analyses how technological, organisational, and environmental factors influence omnichannel adoption, identifies key barriers, and examines perceived effects on business performance. A mixed method design is employed: in the qualitative phase, semi structured interviews with owners and managers explore current digital practices, drivers, and obstacles and inform the development of a structured questionnaire; in the quantitative phase, survey data from agricultural retailers in several Indonesian regions are analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The results indicate that all three Technology Organization Environment dimensions have positive and significant relationships with the degree of omnichannel adoption. The study also finds important barriers, including limited rural digital and logistics infrastructure, seasonal demand patterns, perceived high costs of integrated systems, gaps in digital skills and confidence, and difficulties in integrating data and processes across platforms. Higher levels of omnichannel adoption are associated with improved perceived sales, customer relationships, and operational efficiency. Overall, the findings suggest that well-designed omnichannel strategies can strengthen the intermediary role of agricultural retailers and support more efficient and inclusive agricultural marketing systems in Indonesia. Keywords: Digital transformation; Omnichannel retail; Agricultural retail; Agrifood sector; Technology Organization Environment (TOE); Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2026 Raymond Christian Kawet, Michael Ch. Raintung, Silvya Lefina Mandey, Agus Supandi Soegoto , Franda Benedicta Paat , Christy Natalia Rondonuwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Well Water Quality in The Sumompo Manado Landfill
The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of well water near the Sumompo Final Processing Site (TPA) in Manado. The method used involves in-situ measurements and laboratory analysis at the Manado Industrial Standardization and Services Center Laboratory on well water samples around the Sumompo TPA. Well water sampling was carried out at four different locations, which were classified based on distance from the TPA: sample A: 0 - <100 m, sample B: 100 - <200 m, sample C: 200 - <300 m, and Sample D: 300 - <400 m. The water quality parameters tested included physico-chemical and microbiological parameters, namely Temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia, Dissolved Lead, Dissolved Iron, and E. Coli. The quality standards used for comparison refer to the Minister of Health Regulation (Permenkes) Number 2 of 2023, Permenkes Number 32 of 2017 and Permenkes Number 492 of 2010. Laboratory test results showed that the temperature parameters of all samples were still within the quality standard range (27–33°C), with values ​​between 29–30°C. The pH value was generally close to the lower limit, where only sample A (pH 7) met the quality standard (6.5–8.5), while samples B, C, and D (pH 6) were slightly below the standard. The TDS value showed that only sample A (846 mg/l) exceeded the threshold of <300 mg/l. For nitrate (NO₃⁻) content, samples B (26 mg/l) and D (46 mg/l) exceeded the 20 mg/l quality standard, while nitrite (NO₂⁻) were all still below the maximum limit of 3 mg/l. The concentrations of ammonia (NH₃), lead (Pb), and iron (Fe) in all samples were still within the safe threshold according to the applicable Ministry of Health Regulation standards. However, the results of the E. coli analysis showed significant microbiological contamination, with all samples containing E. coli far above the tolerance limit of 0 CFU/100 ml, especially in sample D (6,455 CFU/100 ml). Based on the Pollution Index (IP) calculation, all well water samples were classified as severely polluted: sample A showed an IP of 14.91, sample B reached 17.91, sample C was 12.86, and sample D (the furthest) recorded the highest IP value, namely 22.29. With a water quality status of being heavily polluted (IP > 10), the well water around the Sumompo TPA is not suitable for consumption. Keywords: Well water quality, Sumompo landfill, water pollution, pollution index Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kualitas air sumur yang berada di sekitar Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir (TPA) Sumompo, Manado. Metode yang digunakan melibatkan pengukuran in-situ dan analisis laboratorium di Laboratorium Balai Standarisasi dan Pelayanan Jasa Industri Manado terhadap sampel air sumur di sekitar TPA Sumompo. Pengambilan sampel air sumur dilakukan di empat lokasi berbeda, yang diklasifikasikan berdasarkan jarak dari TPA: sampel A: 0 - <100 m, sampel B: 100 - <200 m, sampel C: 200 - <300 m, dan Sampel D: 300 - <400 m. Parameter kualitas air yang diuji meliputi parameter fisika-kimia dan mikrobiologi, yaitu Suhu, pH, Total Padatan Terlarut (TDS), Nitrat, Nitrit, Amonia, Timbal terlarut, Besi terlarut, dan E. Coli. Baku mutu yang digunakan untuk perbandingan mengacu pada Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan (Permenkes) Nomor 2 Tahun 2023, Permenkes Nomor 32 Tahun 2017 dan Permenkes Nomor 492 Tahun 2010. Hasil uji laboratorium menunjukkan parameter suhu seluruh sampel masih berada dalam kisaran baku mutu (27–33°C), dengan nilai antara 29–30°C. Nilai pH umumnya mendekati batas bawah, di mana hanya sampel A (pH 7) memenuhi baku mutu (6,5–8,5), sedangkan sampel B, C, dan D (pH 6) berada sedikit di bawah standar. Nilai TDS menunjukkan bahwa hanya sampel A (846 mg/l) melebihi ambang batas <300 mg/l. Untuk kandungan nitrat (NO₃⁻), sampel B (26 mg/l) dan D (46 mg/l) melebihi baku mutu 20 mg/l, sedangkan nitrit (NO₂⁻) seluruhnya masih di bawah batas maksimum 3 mg/l. Konsentrasi amonia (NH₃), timbal (Pb), dan besi (Fe) pada seluruh sampel masih berada dalam ambang batas aman sesuai standar Permenkes yang berlaku. Namun demikian, hasil analisis terhadap E. coli menunjukkan pencemaran mikrobiologis yang signifikan, dengan seluruh sampel mengandung E. coli jauh di atas batas toleransi 0 CFU/100 ml, terutama pada sampel D (6.455 CFU/100 ml). Berdasarkan perhitungan Indeks Pencemaran (IP) seluruh sampel air sumur diklasifikasikan sebagai tercemar Berat: sampel A menunjukkan IP 14,91, sampel B mencapai 17,91, sampel C sebesar 12,86, dan sampel D (terjauh) mencatat nilai IP tertinggi, yaitu 22,29. Dengan status mutu air tercemar berat (IP > 10), air sumur di sekitar TPA Sumompo tersebut tidak layak digunakan untuk dikonsumsi. Kata kunci : Kualitas air sumur, TPA Sumompo, pencemaran air, indeks pencemaran
Copyright (c) 2026 Tommy Ogie, Wawan Nurmawan, Hengki D. Walangitan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Response Of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Concentration Levels on The Growth and Yield of Three Varieties of Pakchoy (Brassica rapa L.)
Pakchoy production in Indonesia has declined due to excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and suboptimal cultivation practices, necessitating the adoption of alternative fertilization methods, such as liquid organic fertilizer (LOF), which can improve soil structure, provide readily available nutrients, and enhance plant growth. This study aimed to determine the effects of varying concentrations of Infarm LOF on the growth and yield of three pakchoy (Brassica rapa L.) varieties to identify the most effective combination for cultivation. The Research was conducted from September to November 2025 in the home yard area of Kp. Cibuah, Cibuah Village, Warunggunung District, Lebak Regency, Banten, using a randomized block design with two factors: LOF concentration and pakchoy varieties. LOF concentration levels were P0 (no LOF), P1 (3 mL/L), P2 (6 mL/L), and P3 (9 mL/L), while varieties included (V1 = Nauli F1, V2 = Flamingo, and V3 = Green). The results showed that P1 (3 mL/L) produced the best growth performance, indicated by plant height and fresh shoot weight. The Nauli F1 variety showed the best growth response across most parameters. In addition, a significant interaction between Infarm LOF concentration and pakchoy varieties was observed for leaf number and leaf greenness. Keywords: Infarm, Pakchoy, Concentration level, Variety
Copyright (c) 2026 Rani Seftiani, Alfu Laila, Julio Eiffelt Rossaffelt Rumbiak, Endang Sulistyorini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Landslide Susceptibility Classification of the Rerer Watershed, Minahasa Regency
This study aims to analyze the level of landslide susceptibility in the Rerer Watershed, focusing on agricultural areas dominated by mixed gardens, dryland farms, and partially open land. The parameters used include slope gradient, rainfall, land use, soil type, and geology. The analysis employed a scoring method based on Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to produce a susceptibility zonation map. The results show that the biophysical conditions of the Rerer Watershed are dominated by moderately steep slopes (15–25%), Eutropepts Dystrandepts soil types, and weathered volcanic rocks (Qtv), combined with an annual rainfall of approximately 1,500–2,000 mm. Anthropogenic factors, particularly agricultural cultivation on sloping terrain, significantly contribute to increased vulnerability. The landslide susceptibility zonation is classified into three levels: low (43.37 ha or 14.75%), moderate (230.17 ha or 78.27%), and high (20.53 ha or 6.98%). These findings emphasize the importance of implementing soil and water conservation strategies—such as terracing, cover crops, and agroforestry systems—to mitigate landslide risks while maintaining the hydrological sustainability of the Rerer Watershed in Minahasa Regency. Keywords: landslide susceptibility, agricultural land, watershed . Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis tingkat kerawanan longsor di DAS Rerer dengan fokus pada kawasan lahan pertanian yang didominasi kebun campuran, tegalan/ladang, dan sebagian lahan terbuka. Parameter yang digunakan meliputi kemiringan lereng, curah hujan, penggunaan lahan, jenis tanah, dan geologi. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode skoring berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) untuk menghasilkan zonasi kerawanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi biofisik DAS Rerer didominasi lereng agak curam (15–25%), jenis tanah Eutropepts Dystrandepts, serta batuan vulkanik (Qtv) yang mudah lapuk, dikombinasikan dengan curah hujan tahunan sekitar 1500-2000 mm/tahun. Faktor antropogenik berupa aktivitas budidaya lahan pertanian pada lereng miring menjadi pendorong utama peningkatan kerentanan. Zonasi kerawanan longsor terbagi dalam tiga kelas, yaitu rawan rendah seluas 43,37 Ha atau sekitar 14,75%, rawan sedang seluas 230,17 Ha atau sekitar 78,27%, dan rawan tinggi seluas 20,53 atau sekitar 6,98%. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya penerapan strategi konservasi tanah dan air, seperti terasering, vegetasi penutup, dan sistem agroforestri, guna mitigasi risiko longsor sekaligus menjaga keberlanjutan fungsi hidrologis DAS Rerer di Kabupaten Minahasa. Kata Kunci: rawan longsor, lahan pertanian, daerah aliran sungai
Copyright (c) 2025 Melisa P. Todingan, Risal Nur Rahma S, Riel J. Umboh, Sandra E. Pakasi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Market Orientation and Entrepreneurial Orientation on The Marketing Performance of Palm Sugar Msmes in South Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi: The Role of Competitive Advantage as A Mediating Variable
This study aims to analyze the influence of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on marketing performance, as well as examine the role of competitive advantage as a mediating variable. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method of 62 palm sugar MSME owners in South Minahasa Regency. The research instrument is a questionnaire that has been validated by the Pearson correlation test and tested for reliability by Cronbach's Alpha test. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS Version 28 program, including descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results of the study show that market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation have a positive and significant effect on competitive advantage and marketing performance. In addition, competitive advantage has also been shown to play a significant mediating variable in the relationship between market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and marketing performance. The conclusion of this study shows that palm sugar MSMEs that have a strong market orientation and entrepreneurship will be able to create a competitive advantage, which will ultimately improve their marketing performance. The results of this study are expected to provide input for MSME owners, the government, and other stakeholders in developing strategies to improve the performance of MSMEs in the palm sugar sector. Keywords: Market Orientation, Entrepreneurial Orientation, Competitive Advantage, Marketing Performance, Palm Sugar MSMEs Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh orientasi pasar dan orientasi kewirausahaan terhadap kinerja pemasaran, serta memeriksa peran keunggulan bersaing sebagai variabel mediasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode survei terhadap 62 pemilik UMKM gula aren di Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Instrumen penelitian berupa kuesioner yang telah divalidasi dengan uji korelasi Pearson dan diuji reliabilitas dengan uji Cronbach’s Alpha. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan program SPSS Versi 28, meliputi statistik deskriptif, uji asumsi klasik, dan analisis regresi linier berganda untuk menguji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa orientasi pasar dan orientasi kewirausahaan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keunggulan bersaing serta kinerja pemasaran. Selain itu, keunggulan bersaing juga terbukti berperan sebagai variabel mediasi yang signifikan dalam hubungan antara orientasi pasar, orientasi kewirausahaan, dan kinerja pemasaran. Simpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa UMKM gula aren yang memiliki orientasi pasar dan kewirausahaan yang kuat akan mampu menciptakan keunggulan bersaing, yang pada akhirnya akan meningkatkan kinerja pemasaran mereka. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan masukan bagi pemilik UMKM, pemerintah, dan pemangku kepentingan lain dalam mengembangkan strategi untuk meningkatkan kinerja UMKM di sektor gula aren. Kata Kunci: Orientasi Pasar, Orientasi Kewirausahaan, Keunggulan Bersaing, Kinerja Pemasaran, UMKM Gula Aren
Copyright (c) 2025 Michael Ch. Raintung, Sjendry S.R. Loindong, Raymond Ch. Kawet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Urban Forests as Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Resilience and Human Well-Being in Urban Landscapes.
Rapid urban expansion has increased environmental pressures in cities, including rising urban temperatures, declining air quality, higher stormwater runoff and flood risk, and growing public health concerns. Nature-based solutions have gained attention as cost-effective and multifunctional approaches to address these challenges, with urban forests representing one of the most strategic forms of green infrastructure. This study reviews recent scientific evidence on the role of urban forests as nature-based solutions for strengthening climate resilience and improving human well-being in urban landscapes. A structured literature review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2021 and 2025 and indexed with a DOI. Findings were synthesized thematically across key ecosystem service pathways, including urban heat regulation, stormwater and runoff control, carbon storage and sequestration, air quality improvement, and wellbeing-related benefits. The reviewed literature indicates that urban forests contribute to climate adaptation by reducing heat exposure through shading and evapotranspiration and by supporting stormwater regulation through rainfall interception and improved infiltration. Urban forests also contribute to climate mitigation through carbon storage and ongoing sequestration, while providing co benefits for human health through recreation opportunities, psychological restoration, and improved quality of life. However, effectiveness depends on long term canopy continuity, appropriate species selection, maintenance capacity, and governance arrangements, with common challenges including limited land availability, funding constraints, and unequal access to green spaces. Overall, urban forests function as multifunctional nature-based infrastructure that can enhance urban resilience and human wellbeing when integrated into long-term planning and participatory management. Keywords: climate resilience, ecosystem services, human wellbeing, nature-based solutions, urban forest
Copyright (c) 2025 Fabiola Saroinsong, Febi F. Patinggi, Euis F. S. Pangemanan, Wawan Nurmawan, Josephus I. Kalangi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application of Local Bacillus Thuringiensis Isolates as Biopesticides for Control of Spodoptera Frugiperda in Maize
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive pest that threatens maize production and can increase dependence on synthetic insecticides, highlighting the need for locally effective biological control options. This study screened 24 local Bacillus thuringiensis isolates for insecticidal activity against third instar S. frugiperda using a maize leaf dip feeding bioassay. For initial screening, maize leaf sections were treated with 1.5 × 10⁷ spores mL⁻¹ and offered to larvae (30 larvae per isolate), with mortality recorded up to 72 h. Isolates producing at least 50 percent mortality at 72 h were advanced to pathogenicity testing. Selected isolates were evaluated at five concentrations (1.5 × 10³ to 1.5 × 10⁷ spores mL⁻¹) to estimate LC50 at 72 h, and at 1.5 × 10⁷ spores mL⁻¹ to estimate LT50; parameters were calculated by probit analysis and reported with 95 percent fiducial limits. Ten isolates met the screening criterion, and isolate ITH produced the highest mortality (93.3 percent) at 72 h. ITH also showed the greatest pathogenicity, with an LC50 of 7.5 × 10³ spores mL⁻¹ and an LT50 of 19.5 h, indicating high potency and rapid action relative to other candidates. The results demonstrate substantial variability among local Bt isolates and identify promising strains for further development. Future work should confirm isolate identity, characterize toxin profiles, optimize production and formulation, and validate efficacy and crop protection performance under semi field and field conditions for integration into maize integrated pest management. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis; biopesticide; fall armyworm; leaf dip bioassay; maize; Spodoptera frugiperda
Copyright (c) 2025 Christina Leta Salaki, Henny V. Makal, Frangky J. Paat, Yefta Pamandungan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Online Visual Merchandising on Impulse Buying of Online Food Products Among Shopee Users: The Mediating Role of Site Trust
This study examines the effect of online visual merchandising on consumer impulse buying of online food products among Shopee users in Manado City, Indonesia, and tests the mediating role of site trust. A quantitative survey approach was employed using structured questionnaires measuring three constructs: visual merchandising, site trust, and impulse buying. Data were analyzed using regression-based mediation procedures in SPSS. The usable dataset consisted of 75 respondents. The findings indicate that online visual merchandising has a positive and significant effect on impulse buying, suggesting that attractive and informative digital product presentation (e.g., layout, images, and presentation cues) increases consumers’ tendency to make unplanned purchases. Visual merchandising also positively influences site trust. When site trust is included in the impulse buying model, it remains a significant predictor and reduces the direct effect of visual merchandising, indicating that site trust mediates the relationship between visual merchandising and impulse buying. These results highlight that effective visual merchandising not only stimulates impulsive purchase behavior directly but also indirectly by strengthening consumers’ trust in the platform. Practically, marketplace platforms and sellers should optimize visual presentation while simultaneously reinforcing trust-related signals (e.g., perceived security, reliability, and platform credibility) to encourage purchases without undermining consumer confidence. Keywords: impulse buying; Shopee; site trust; online food products; online visual merchandising
Copyright (c) 2025 Raymond Ch. Kawet, Michael Ch. Raintung, Rudie Yobie Lumantow https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact Of Plant Growth Regulators (Pgrs) On Potato Plant Explant Somatic Embryogenesis And Embryonic Callus Induction
The purpose of this study was to develop methods for inducing potato somatic embryogenesis utilizing a variety of plant growth regulator types and concentrations, both directly and indirectly. Internodal explants of the Superjhon type of potato were used in the study, which was carried out from April to July 2024 at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University. On MS media enriched with a mixture of NAA + kinetin and BAP + 2,4-D, embryogenic callus induction was performed. While indirect somatic embryogenesis was performed utilizing embryogenic callus on MS medium with different BAP concentrations, direct somatic embryogenesis induction was performed on MS media containing zeatin, IAA, and GA₃. The best embryogenic callus with a compact and granular texture was created by combining 1.5 mg/l BAP with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D, according to the results. In MS medium + 1 mg/l zeatin + 0.02 mg/l IAA + 0.2 mg/l GA₃, direct somatic embryogenesis demonstrated the quickest and most efficient response, with the percentage of somatic embryo development reaching 54.5% in the fourth week. In the tenth week, indirect somatic embryogenesis yielded the greatest percentage of embryos (83%) in MS medium + 7 mg/l BAP. Compared to indirect ES, direct ES is quicker, easier, and results in more consistent shoot regeneration. Keywords: ZPT, tissue culture, somatic embryogenesis, potato ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian untuk memperoleh teknik induksi embriogenesis somatik kentang melalui jalur langsung dan tidak langsung dengan penggunaan beberapa jenis dan konsentrasi zat pengatur tumbuh. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sam Ratulangi pada bulan April–Juli 2024 menggunakan eksplan internodus kentang varietas Superjhon. Induksi kalus embriogenik dilakukan pada media MS yang diperkaya kombinasi NAA + kinetin serta BAP + 2,4-D. Induksi embriogenesis somatik langsung dilakukan pada media MS yang mengandung zeatin, IAA, dan GA₃, sedangkan embriogenesis somatik tidak langsung dilakukan menggunakan kalus embriogenik pada media MS dengan berbagai konsentrasi BAP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi 1,5 mg/l BAP + 0,5 mg/l 2,4-D menghasilkan kalus embriogenik terbaik dengan tekstur kompak dan granular. Embriogenesis somatik langsung menunjukkan respons tercepat dan paling efektif pada media MS + 1 mg/l zeatin + 0,02 mg/l IAA + 0,2 mg/l GA₃ dengan persentase pembentukan embrio somatik mencapai 54,5% pada minggu keempat. Sementara itu, embriogenesis somatik tidak langsung menghasilkan persentase embrio tertinggi (83%) pada media MS + 7 mg/l BAP pada minggu ke-10. ES langsung lebih cepat, sederhana, dan menghasilkan regenerasi tunas yang lebih seragam dibandingkan ES tidak langsung. Kata kunci: kentang, kultur jaringan, embriogenesis somatik, ZPT
Copyright (c) 2025 Edy F. Lengkong, Jantje Pongoh, Sesilia A. Wanget https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role Of Digital Service Quality and Perceived Ease Of Use in The Adoption of Digital Wealth Management Among Millennial Farmers
This study examines the roles of digital service quality and perceived ease of use in shaping adoption intention toward digital wealth management among millennial farmers. Drawing on a service marketing perspective and technology acceptance logic, the study also positions trust as a key mechanism that links service perceptions to adoption intention. A structured questionnaire was administered to 236 millennial farmers (aged 20–39), and the proposed model was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with bootstrapping. The descriptive results indicate that perceived ease of use is generally high, reflecting respondents’ familiarity with smartphones, while perceptions of service quality and trust vary more substantially. The structural model shows that digital service quality strongly predicts trust (β = 0.991, p < 0.001) and that trust strongly predicts adoption intention (β = 0.810, p < 0.001). Digital service quality also has a small but significant direct effect on intention (β = 0.183, p = 0.012), indicating partial mediation. The indirect effect of digital service quality on intention through trust is large and significant (β = 0.803, p < 0.001), confirming that trust transmits most of the impact of service quality. Perceived ease of use shows statistically significant but small effects on trust and intention, suggesting usability functions primarily as a baseline enabler for digitally capable millennials. The model explains substantial variance in trust (R² = 0.979) and intention (R² = 0.981). Discriminant validity diagnostics indicate strong overlap among service quality, trust, and intention, suggesting that respondents may form a holistic evaluation of the platform; this limitation should be addressed through construct refinement in future research. Practically, the findings imply that increasing digital wealth management adoption in agricultural communities should prioritize trust-building service quality cues, including reliability, transparency, security assurance, and responsive support.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cyndrika Rany Philipus, Ricardo Gianluigi Tindi, Sanriomi Sintaro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analyzing The Potato Supply Chain In The Modoinding District, South Minahasa Region
This study analyzes the structure and marketing performance of the potato supply chain in Modoinding District, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, with emphasis on product, financial, and information flows across dominant marketing channels. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, direct observations, and focus group discussions with farmers and key marketing actors. Supply chain mapping was used to identify actors and channel pathways, while marketing performance was evaluated using marketing margins, marketing costs, marketing profits, and farmer share. The mapping results indicate three dominant channels: (1) local marketing to Modoinding and Kotamobagu traditional markets, (2) distribution to Manado traditional markets, and (3) inter-island distribution via port-based traders/offtakers. Farm-gate price was IDR 15,000/kg across channels, while terminal prices increased with channel length: IDR 17,000–17,500/kg (Modoinding local), IDR 18,500/kg (Kotamobagu), IDR 21,000/kg (Manado), and IDR 25,000/kg (inter-island). Consequently, total marketing margins rose from IDR 2,000–2,500/kg in the shortest channel to IDR 10,000/kg in the inter-island channel, and farmer share declined from approximately 85.7–88.2% (local Modoinding) to 60.0% (inter-island). Transport and shipping-related activities were the main cost drivers in longer channels. Overall, improving postharvest handling, logistics coordination, and market information feedback to farmers is critical to reduce losses and enhancing upstream value capture. Keywords: farmer share; inter-island trade; marketing channels; marketing margin; modoinding District; potato; supply chain mapping
Copyright (c) 2025 Nordy F. L. Waney, Caroline B. D. Pakasi, Tommy F. Lolowang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Eco-Enzyme as a Bioactivator for Converting Organic Wastes into Organic Fertilizer: Effects on Chili Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) Growth and Yield in Tomohon, Indonesia.
Eco-enzyme has been promoted as a low-cost bioactivator for converting organic residues into useful soil amendments, but comparative agronomic evidence across different waste substrates remains limited. This study evaluated eco-enzyme–assisted organic fertilizers prepared from several locally available organic wastes and assessed their effects on chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growth and yield in Kakaskasen, Tomohon City, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, from April to October 2025. A pot experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications (24 experimental units). Eco-enzyme was produced by fermenting fruit peels, sugar, and water (3:1:10) for three months. Organic fertilizers were prepared using eco-enzyme alone or eco-enzyme combined with vegetable waste, fruit waste, market waste, chicken-manure waste, or household organic waste, and were incorporated into the pot medium one week before transplanting at an equivalent rate of 20 t ha⁻¹. Plant height, fruit number per plant, and fresh fruit weight per plant were measured at 100 days after transplanting and analyzed using analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test at 5%. Organic-waste substrate significantly affected all measured variables. The eco-enzyme + market-waste formulation produced the tallest plants (133.37 cm), the highest fruit number (89.50 fruits plant⁻¹), and the highest mean fresh fruit weight (225.25 g plant⁻¹), markedly exceeding eco-enzyme alone (69.12 cm; 36.75 fruits plant⁻¹; 78.75 g plant⁻¹). Overall, eco-enzyme–activated market-waste fertilizer was the most effective formulation for improving chili growth and yield under the conditions of this pot experiment. Keywords: Capsicum annuum; eco-enzyme; market waste; organic fertilizer; waste valorization
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Goretti Meity Polii, Antje Grace Tulungen, Stanley A. F. Walingkas, Saartje Sompotan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimizing Shade Level to Improve Vegetative Growth and Shoot Biomass of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) in Tomohon, North Sulawes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sesilia Anita Wanget, Pemmy Tumewu, Antje Grace Tulungen, Tilda Titah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) Leaf Liquid Organic Fertilizer and NPK Dose on Cauliflower Growth and Curd Yield in Tomohon, Indonesia.
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) production in tropical highlands often depends on high mineral fertilizer inputs, yet integrated nutrient management using locally available organic biostimulants may improve growth and yield while supporting soil quality. This study evaluated the effects of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf liquid organic fertilizer (POC) concentration and NPK compound fertilizer dose on cauliflower grown in Kakaskasen, Tomohon City, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (May–October 2025). A 3 × 3 factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications (27 experimental units). POC concentrations were 0, 100, and 200 mL L⁻¹, and NPK doses were 0, 100, and 200 kg ha⁻¹; chicken manure (10 t ha⁻¹ equivalent) was applied as a basal input. Plant height, leaf number, and curd weight were assessed at harvest (~70 days after transplanting) and analyzed by ANOVA followed by LSD (5%). No interaction between POC concentration and NPK dose was detected for the reported variables. Increasing POC significantly improved plant height and leaf number, with 200 mL L⁻¹ producing the tallest plants (40.00 cm) and the highest leaf number (16.11 leaves plant⁻¹). Curd weight increased markedly with POC from 112.47 g (0 mL L⁻¹) to 192.93 g (200 mL L⁻¹). NPK significantly increased plant height and curd weight, with the highest curd weight at 200 kg ha⁻¹ (174.77 g), while the NPK effect on leaf number was not significant. Overall, 200 mL L⁻¹ moringa-leaf POC combined with adequate NPK supply is recommended for further field-scale validation under Tomohon conditions. Keywords: Brassica oleracea; integrated nutrient management; liquid organic fertilizer; Moringa oleifera; NPK fertilizer
Copyright (c) 2025 Stella Maria Theresia Tulung, Paula Clara Heinny Supit, Jeane S.M. Raintung, Saartje Sompotan, Jelie Viekson Porong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diversity And Functional Composition of Ground Dwelling Arthropods in Vegetable Fields of Modoinding District.
Ground dwelling arthropods contribute to decomposition, nutrient cycling, and biological control, and their community structure can reflect management intensity in agroecosystems. Intensive vegetable cultivation in Modoinding District, South Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, commonly involves routine fertilizer and pesticide use, yet baseline information on soil associated arthropod diversity across major crops remains limited. This study assessed the diversity, functional roles, and population levels of ground dwelling arthropods in vegetable fields using pitfall trapping. Sampling was conducted at ten georeferenced points distributed across key vegetable producing villages, with traps operated for two days and repeated three times. Arthropods were sorted through macroscopic observation and identified using microscopic examination, primarily to order and family levels. Community diversity was quantified using the Shannon Wiener index. Overall, eight orders and seventeen families were recorded, representing decomposers, predators, herbivores, vectors, parasitoids, and omnivores. Decomposer groups, particularly Collembola, were generally dominant in several crop fields, while predator groups such as ants and spiders were also consistently present. Shannon diversity values across host crops ranged from 0.255 to 1.333, indicating low to moderate diversity and suggesting that some fields were characterized by strong dominance of a limited number of taxa. These findings provide baseline data for biomonitoring programs in Modoinding and support the use of ground dwelling arthropod communities as practical indicators to evaluate ecological responses to vegetable production management. Keywords: Collembola, Modoinding, Pitfall trap, Shannon Wiener index, Vegetable fields
Copyright (c) 2025 Deflly A. S. Turang, Robert William Tairas, Meisye H. B. Paruntu, Grace Amanda Kairupan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Field Performance of Fruit-Waste Eco-Enzyme Baits for Trapping Bactrocera Spp. In Chili (Capsicum Frutescens L.) Fields of Tomohon City, Indonesia
Eco-enzyme (EE) liquids produced by fermenting fruit waste may provide low-cost, locally available odor sources for fruit-fly monitoring. This study evaluated the effectiveness of EE baits prepared from nutmeg, banana, and pineapple wastes, as well as a mixed formulation, for trapping Bactrocera spp. in chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) fields in Kakaskasen I Village, Tomohon City, Indonesia. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with four EE treatments and five replicates. Traps were installed in fruiting-stage chili plots at approximately 1.5 m above ground level with ~5 m spacing and were observed over four sampling rounds at 6-day intervals. Captured adult fruit flies were counted and identified morphologically, and treatment effects were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by an LSD (BNT) test at the 5% significance level. Two species were recorded, Bactrocera dorsalis and B. cucurbitae. Mean trap catches (adults per trap) were highest for pineapple EE (6.3), followed by mixed EE (3.1), nutmeg EE (1.7), and banana EE (1.3). Pineapple EE differed significantly from the other treatments (LSD5% = 3.7), whereas the remaining treatments did not differ significantly. Captures were reported to be predominantly female, and non-target insects were also collected, indicating limited selectivity. Overall, pineapple fruit-waste EE showed the strongest field performance and warrants further development as a practical bait for Bactrocera spp. monitoring in chili agroecosystems. Keywords: Bactrocera dorsalis, Capsicum frutescens, eco-enzyme, fermented fruit waste, food-baited trapping
Copyright (c) 2025 Noni N. Wanta, Meisye H. B. Paruntu, Jeane Krisen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Trade Agreements and Agribusiness Export Performance: Ppml Gravity Evidence from Indonesian Palm Oil Hs 1511 (2015–2023)
This study examines Indonesia’s export performance in an agribusiness product at the HS 6-digit level (HS 1511) over 2015-2023 by combining revealed competitiveness indicators and structural gravity estimation. First, we compute the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index to assess Indonesia’s export specialization relative to world trade. Second, we estimate a Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) gravity model with year fixed effects to identify the roles of destination market size, trade costs, and trade agreement coverage. Bilateral exports are constructed from UN Comtrade, macroeconomic controls are drawn from the World Development Indicators, bilateral distance and dyadic controls are obtained from CEPII, and trade agreement status is coded from DESTA at the dyad–year level using an in-force rule. Results indicate that Indonesia retains a strong revealed comparative advantage (RCA > 1 in all years), although the average RCA declines between early and late sub-periods. Gravity estimates show that destination market size (particularly population) positively predicts exports, while distance reduces expected export values. Importantly, in-force regional trade agreements are associated with significantly higher bilateral exports, approximately 48% larger export values, ceteris paribus, highlighting the relevance of policy-enabled market access alongside traditional gravity fundamentals. These findings emphasize the joint importance of competitiveness, trade-cost reduction, and effective utilization of trade agreements for sustaining and expanding Indonesia’s agribusiness exports. Keywords: comparative advantage, gravity model, Indonesia, PPML, trade agreements
Copyright (c) 2025 Johan R. Tumiwa, Octavia Diana Monica Tuegeh, Franda Benedicta Paat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimizing Granulated Palm Sugar (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) And Sodium Chloride Formulation to Improve Physicochemical Quality And Sensory Acceptance Of Pork Dendeng
This study evaluated the effects of different combinations of granulated palm sugar (gula semut) and sodium chloride (NaCl) on the physicochemical and sensory quality of pork dendeng. A completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and five replications (3×5) was applied. Treatments were formulated on a meat-weight basis (w/w): A1 (2.5% gula semut + 7.5% NaCl), A2 (5.0% gula semut + 5.0% NaCl), and A3 (7.5% gula semut + 2.5% NaCl). For each replication, 200 g pork ham was ground (5 mm plate), mixed with the assigned ingredients, rested at 4 °C for 12–24 h, and dried in a cabinet oven at 80 °C for 11 h. Moisture content (AOAC 950.46), pH, water-holding capacity (WHC; press method), and cooking loss were measured. Sensory acceptance (color, aroma, texture, and taste) was evaluated by 25 untrained panelists using a five-point hedonic scale. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by BNJ (Tukey’s HSD) at P < 0.05. The formulation significantly affected WHC and cooking loss. Treatment A2 produced the highest WHC (19.51%) and the lowest cooking loss (40.90%), indicating improved water retention and thermal yield compared with A1 and A3 (P < 0.05). pH values (6.61–6.69) and hedonic scores for all sensory attributes did not differ significantly among treatments (P > 0.05). Overall, a balanced gula semut–NaCl formulation (5%:5%) is recommended to enhance pork dendeng processing performance while maintaining acceptable sensory quality. Keywords: cooking loss; gula semut; pork dendeng; sodium chloride; water-holding capacity
Copyright (c) 2026 Merri D. Rotinsulu, Syalom Sakul, Syalom Sorongan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Weed Vegetation Analysis Based on Sdr and Ivi in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Fields of Cipocok Jaya District, Serang
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) play an important role as an agricultural commodity with high economic value and are a source of protein in the community's consumption patterns. This study aims to identify the dominant weed species based on Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) and Importance Value Index (IVI) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivation areas. The research was conducted from August to October 2025 on farmer group land in Link Beberan, Banjaragung Village, Cipocok Jaya Subdistrict, Serang City, Banten Province. This study used a quadrat method with random sampling plot placement measuring 1 × 1 m2 at 20 observation points. The results found 15 weed species from 8 family with a total of 614 individuals consisting of grass weeds and broadleaf weeds. The weed found in almost all research plots was Rottboellia cochinchinensis with 241 individuals/m2 and a relative value of 39.22%, while the lowest was found in the species Eriochloa with 1 individual/m2 and a relative value of 0.16%. The highest relative frequency value was found in Rottboellia cochinchinensis and Richardia brasiliensis at 20.83%. The highest Importance Value Index (IVI) obtained on peanut fields was 89.10, found in the weed species Rottboellia cochinchinensis. The most dominant weed was Rottboellia cochinchinensis with an Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) value of 29.03. Weed diversity was classified as medium (H′ = 1.58). The results of the study indicate that differences in the level of dominance between species reflect the relationship between the biological characteristics of weeds and local environmental conditions. Keywords: Weeds, Frequency value, Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR), Importance Value Index (IVI), Peanut plant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amelia Dwi Kurniasari, Nuniek Hermita, Julio Eiffelt Rossaffelt Rumbiak, Widia Eka Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Abundance Of Soil Fauna In Beneng Taro (Xanthosoma undipes K. Koch) AT Various Altitudes
Beneng Taro (Xanthosoma undipes K. Koch) is a local food crop from Gunung Karang, Banten, with high nutritional potential whose productivity is closely related to soil biological conditions. This study evaluated soil fauna abundance and diversity in talas beneng cultivation areas across three elevations: highland (851-858 m asl), midland (590-602 m asl), and lowland (343 m asl). A quantitative exploratory approach was applied using pitfall traps with ten replications per site and composite soil sampling at 0-20 cm depth. Soil chemical properties (pH, C-organic, N-total, and C/N ratio) were analyzed, and diversity was calculated using the Shannon-Wiener index. A total of seven soil fauna orders were recorded, with Hymenoptera dominating all sites. The midland exhibited the highest abundance (67 individuals), while the lowland showed the highest diversity index (H’=1.077 medium category). Variations in abundance and diversity were associated with differences in soil pH, nitrogen availability, and C/N ratio, which influenced decomposition rates and nutrient dynamics. The findings indicate that elevation-related environmental factors significantly shape soil fauna communities and underscore the importance of soil fertility management in supporting sustainable talas beneng cultivation. Keywords: Abundace, Altitude, Beneng taro, Soil Chemical Properties, Soil Fauna.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agis Saputra, Nuniek Hermita, Endang Sulistyorini, Putra Utama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ammonia Mitigation Practices in A Closed-House Broiler Farm in An Agrocomplex System: A Case Study from Moncongloe Bulu, Indonesia
Ammonia accumulation is one of the main air-quality challenges in intensive broiler production, particularly in closed-house systems where large numbers of birds are reared under controlled environmental conditions. This study aimed to analyze the practices used to reduce ammonia (NH3) concentration in the closed-house broiler facility of CH Kembar Farm, Moncongloe Bulu, Indonesia. The study was conducted from September to November 2024 using a descriptive mixed-method approach. Data were collected through direct field observation, interviews with farm management, and NH3 measurement using an ammonia kit test (Hydrion AM-40). The findings showed that ammonia control at the farm was supported by routine maintenance of key housing equipment, including exhaust fans, blower fans, cooling pads, and backup electrical systems, as well as by regular litter management through EM-4 application and litter stirring three times per week until harvest. The measured NH3 concentration was consistently reported as 10 ppm at all observation points, indicating that the in-house ammonia condition remained below the threshold value cited in the source manuscript. These results suggest that effective ammonia mitigation in closed-house broiler production depends not only on housing technology, but also on the consistency of daily operational management. Overall, this study provides practical field-based evidence that integrated environmental-control and litter-management practices can support acceptable air-quality conditions in commercial broiler production under tropical conditions. Keywords: air quality; ammonia concentration; broiler chickens; closed-house system; litter management
Copyright (c) 2026 Syalomita Y. Tampi, Evacuree S. Tangkere, Linda M.S. Tangkau, Delly B.J. Rumondor, Nontje Kumajas, Florencia N. Sompie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Ability of Bioethanol-Methanol Atractants to Attract Bactrocera spp Populations in Chili Plants (Capsicum annuum L.)
This study aimed to evaluate the ability of a bioethanol-methanol attractant to attract Bactrocera spp. populations in chili fields in West Tompaso District. The research was conducted from November to December 2025 in chili plantations in Tonsewer Village, West Tompaso District, while insect identification was carried out at the Plant Pest and Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University. A randomized block design was used with five treatments, consisting of bioethanol-methanol ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4, along with synthetic ethanol and synthetic methanol at a 1:1 ratio as a comparator, each replicated five times. Observations were conducted every seven days for five weeks. The results showed that the bioethanol-methanol attractant was able to capture three Bactrocera species, namely B. dorsalis, B. carambolae, and B. musae, with a total of 120 individuals. The dominant species were B. dorsalis with 56 individuals and B. carambolae with 55 individuals, whereas B. musae was represented by only 9 individuals. Treatments P1 and P2 showed the highest attractiveness to Bactrocera spp., while P4 and P5 produced the lowest captures and were not significantly different from each other. Differences in treatment effectiveness were presumably associated with the balance of volatility in the bioethanol-methanol mixture, whereas rainfall fluctuations and the biological condition of the insects in the field also influenced trap catches. These findings indicate that the bioethanol-methanol mixture has potential as an alternative attractant for monitoring Bactrocera spp. in chili cultivation. Keywords : attractant, Bactrocera spp., bioethanol-methanol, chili, population Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan atraktan bioetanol-metanol dalam menarik populasi Bactrocera spp pada pertanaman cabai di Kecamatan Tompaso Barat. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama November hingga Desember 2025 pada pertanaman cabai di Desa Tonsewer, Kecamatan Tompaso Barat, dan identifikasi sampel dilakukan di Laboratorium Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan lima perlakuan, yaitu rasio bioetanol-metanol 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, serta etanol sintetik dan metanol sintetik 1:1 sebagai pembanding, dengan lima ulangan. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap tujuh hari selama lima minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa atraktan bioetanol-metanol mampu menarik tiga spesies Bactrocera, yaitu B. dorsalis, B. carambolae, dan B. musae, dengan total 120 individu. Spesies yang dominan adalah B. dorsalis sebanyak 56 individu dan B. carambolae sebanyak 55 individu, sedangkan B. musae hanya 9 individu. Perlakuan P1 dan P2 menunjukkan daya tarik tertinggi terhadap Bactrocera spp, sedangkan P4 dan P5 memberikan hasil terendah dan tidak berbeda nyata. Perbedaan efektivitas antarperlakuan diduga dipengaruhi oleh keseimbangan volatilitas campuran bioetanol-metanol, sementara fluktuasi curah hujan dan kondisi biologis serangga di lapangan turut memengaruhi jumlah tangkapan. Dengan demikian, campuran bioetanol-metanol berpotensi digunakan sebagai atraktan alternatif untuk monitoring Bactrocera spp pada tanaman cabai. Kata Kunci : atraktan, Bactrocera spp, bioetanol-metanol, cabai, populasi
Copyright (c) 2026 Ferny Tewuh Mewengkang, Christina Leta Salaki, Jimmy Rimbing, Frangky J. Paat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Rice Washing Water Concentration and Growing Media Composition on the Growth and Yield of Tomato Plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in Banten has significantly declined due to land constraints and suboptimal cultivation practices, necessitating sustainable alternatives like fermented rice wash water (RWW) and optimal planting media. This study aimed to determine the most effective combination of RWW concentration and growing media composition to enhance tomato growth and yield in polybag cultivation. The research was conducted from November 2025 to March 2026 at Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Banten, using a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design. Factors included RWW concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mL/L) and four media compositions (soil; soil+manure; soil+husk charcoal; and soil+manure+husk charcoal).The results showed that the soil-only medium (B0) produced the best vegetative performance, particularly for plant height and stem diameter. Specifically, the interaction of 100 mL/L RWW and soil (S2B0) yielded the highest plant height of 35.60 cm at 4 weeks after transplanting. Furthermore, a significant interaction was observed in the generative phase, where 50 mL/L RWW combined with soil and rice husk charcoal (S1B2) achieved the highest productivity, reaching a fruit weight of 158.00 g and 11.33 fruits per plant. These findings suggest that integrating 50 mL/L RWW with porous media is the most effective strategy for optimizing tomato yield
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Carlos Pinondang Sinaga, Julio Eiffelt Rossaffelt Rumbiak, Putra Utama, Dewi Firnia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Agricultural Economic Performance, Fraud-Prevention Governance, And Environmental Quality
Agricultural development plays an important role in regional economic growth, rural livelihoods, food security, and natural resource management. However, agricultural performance varies across regions and should be interpreted together with governance and environmental considerations. This article analyzes agricultural economic performance, fraud-prevention governance, and environmental quality across regencies and municipalities in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive approach with comparative regional analysis was applied using verified secondary data from official government sources. Agricultural economic performance was measured using the gross regional domestic product of the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector, while fraud-prevention governance and environmental quality were discussed based on available official information related to the Monitoring Center for Prevention framework and the Environmental Quality Index. The results show substantial spatial variation in agricultural economic performance. In 2024, agricultural GRDP ranged from IDR 1,241.27 billion in Kota Palu to IDR 9,969.49 billion in Parigi Moutong, with a mean of IDR 4,565.74 billion and a standard deviation of IDR 2,585.52 billion. Parigi Moutong and Banggai were classified as high-performing regions based on normalized agricultural GRDP scores, while Donggala, Sigi, Morowali Utara, Poso, and Tolitoli were classified as medium-performing regions. The findings also indicate that agricultural importance differs between absolute agricultural GRDP and agricultural share in total GRDP. Banggai Laut recorded the highest agricultural share at 55.84%, whereas Morowali had the largest total GRDP but only 1.55% agricultural share. These patterns suggest that sustainable agribusiness policy in Central Sulawesi should be regionally differentiated. Areas with large agricultural economies require value-chain strengthening and agro-processing, while areas with high agricultural dependence need productivity improvement, farmer welfare support, rural infrastructure, and market connectivity. The limited availability of verified district-level MCP/MCSP and IKLH data remains a constraint, highlighting the need for more complete local governance and environmental datasets for future correlation and composite-index analysis. Keywords: Agricultural economy; Central Sulawesi; Environmental quality; Fraud prevention; Sustainable agribusiness
Copyright (c) 2026 Barita Simanjuntak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Neighbourhood-Scale Carbon Footprint of Community Activities in Batu Kota, Malalayang District, Manado City
Neighbourhood-scale carbon-footprint assessment is increasingly important for understanding how everyday urban activities contribute to greenhouse-gas emissions. This study evaluated the carbon footprint generated by community activities in Kelurahan Batu Kota, Malalayang District, Manado City, Indonesia. The research was conducted from January to February 2026 using a quantitative survey approach with purposive sampling. A total of 335 households were selected from five neighbourhood units. Primary data were collected through field observation and questionnaires covering LPG use, household electricity consumption, motor-vehicle ownership, fuel type, and transport-fuel consumption. Carbon emissions were estimated for three activity categories, namely LPG use, electricity consumption, and motorized transportation, using IPCC-based calculation procedures. The results showed that the total carbon footprint of community activities in Kelurahan Batu Kota reached 7,410.98 ton CO₂eq year⁻¹. Transportation was the dominant emission source, contributing 4,546.12 ton CO₂eq year⁻¹ or 61.34% of the total, followed by electricity consumption at 2,432.12 ton CO₂eq year⁻¹ and LPG use at 432.74 ton CO₂eq year⁻¹. Spatially, the carbon footprint was unevenly distributed across neighbourhoods. Lingkungan 5 produced the highest total emissions at 2,646.89 ton CO₂eq year⁻¹ or 35.72% of the total, whereas Lingkungan 4 contributed the lowest share. These findings indicate that the carbon profile of Batu Kota was driven primarily by daily mobility and electricity use rather than by cooking-fuel consumption. The study provides baseline evidence for neighbourhood-based emission management and highlights the importance of place-specific mitigation strategies in urban residential environments. Keywords: carbon footprint; electricity consumption; household emissions; neighbourhood-scale assessment; urban transportation
Copyright (c) 2026 Jehezkiel K. Claudhio, Sofia Wantasen, Adeleyda M. W. Lumingkewas, Frangky J. Paat, Wiske C. Rotinsulu, Jeanne M. Paulus, Sandra E. Pakasi, Diane D. Pioh, Tommy B. Ogie, Jelie Viekson Porong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment Of the Carbon Footprint of Household Activities in Kleak, Malalayang District, Manado City
Household energy use and private mobility are important sources of greenhouse-gas emissions in urban residential areas. This study assessed the carbon footprint of household activities in Kelurahan Kleak, Malalayang District, Manado City, Indonesia. The study was conducted from January to March 2026 using a field-based survey approach with purposive sampling. A total of 354 households were selected from six neighbourhood units (lingkungan). Primary data were collected through direct observation and questionnaires covering LPG consumption, electricity use, vehicle ownership, fuel type, and fuel consumption. Carbon emissions were estimated for three major household-related sources, namely LPG use, electricity consumption, and private transportation fuel use, using IPCC-based emission calculation methods. The results showed that the total household carbon footprint of Kelurahan Kleak reached 6,599.65 ton CO₂eq year⁻¹. Transportation fuel was the largest contributor, accounting for 3,609.97 ton CO₂eq year⁻¹, followed by electricity consumption at 2,613.89 ton CO₂eq year⁻¹, while LPG use contributed 375.80 ton CO₂eq year⁻¹. Among the six neighbourhoods, Lingkungan 6 produced the highest total emissions at 2,123.05 ton CO₂eq year⁻¹, equivalent to 32.17% of the total carbon footprint. These findings indicate that household carbon emissions in Kelurahan Kleak were driven primarily by private mobility and electricity use rather than cooking fuel consumption. The study provides baseline evidence for neighbourhood-scale carbon management and highlights the importance of community-based mitigation strategies in urban residential environments. Keywords: carbon footprint; electricity consumption; household activities; LPG use; transportation fuel
Copyright (c) 2026 Dony T. Minanga, Sofia Wantasen, Adeleyda M. W. Lumingkewas, Frangky J. Paat, Wiske Ch. Rotinsulu, Jeanne M. Paulus, Diane D. Pioh, Tommy B. Ogie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Wire Traps and Fumigation in Controlling Rice Rats (Rattus argentiventer) in the Second Rice Planting Season
The rice field rat (Rattus argentiventer) is one of the major pests in rice cultivation that can cause significant yield losses. Effective and environmentally friendly control methods are therefore essential to minimize damage. This study aims to determine the effect of using wire traps on the population of rice field rats in agricultural areas. The research was conducted by installing wire traps at several points in rice fields and comparing the number of rats caught and population changes with areas without traps. The results showed that the use of wire traps significantly reduced the population of rice field rats compared to the control area. In addition, wire traps were found to be effective, easy to use, and environmentally safe. Based on these findings, wire traps can be recommended as one of the control methods in an integrated pest management (IPM) system for rice farming. Keywords: pest control, rice, rice field rat, wire trap. Abstrak. Tikus sawah (Rattus argentiventer) merupakan salah satu hama utama pada budidaya padi yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan hasil panen secara signifikan, sehingga diperlukan metode pengendalian yang efektif dan ramah lingkungan untuk meminimalkan kerusakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan perangkap kawat terhadap populasi tikus sawah di area pertanian, dengan cara memasang perangkap kawat di beberapa titik di sawah lalu membandingkan jumlah tikus yang tertangkap serta perubahan populasinya dengan area tanpa perangkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan perangkap kawat mampu menurunkan populasi tikus sawah secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan area kontrol, serta terbukti efektif, mudah digunakan, dan aman bagi lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, perangkap kawat dapat direkomendasikan sebagai salah satu metode pengendalian dalam sistem Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) pada budidaya padi. Kata kunci: padi, pengendalian hama, perangkap kawat, tikus sawah
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Sudarto S, Nyang Vania Ayuningtyas Harini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0