Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Terapan (Applied Agroecotechnology Journal)
The Applied Agroecotechnology Journal is part of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado Indonesia 95115. The aim is to publish the accumulated research results related to applied agricultural science and technology (applied agroecotechnology). The Applied Agroecotechnology Journal is published 2 (two) times a year in the January-June and July-December periods. We advise authors to review our guidelines and policies in the publication process.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Optimization of coconut byproducts with response surface methodology (RSM) as complete nutrients on eggplant plant
Eggplants are good for heart health and help suppress cholesterol and diabetes. Coconut waste is a widespread environmental problem because it is not utilized correctly. Coconut waste piles up and triggers the spread of disease and becomes a habitat for mosquitoes that cause dengue fever. This study aims to improve the planting media of cocopeat, manure, and coconut fibre liquid organic fertilizer (CFLF) through a systems approach. This research method uses the response surface methodology (RSM) experimental design. The output variables from FS are converted into data sets that will be formulated in RSM. The output from the C-organic, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium analysis parameters is closely related (Sig <0.05) to the research factors. The RSM results show that 20 experiments will be used in the study. The cocopeat, manure, and CFLF factors only produced significant results in the potassium parameter anova test (P <0.05) with a linear statistical model with a verification test. The highest content obtained was 8.684%, nitrogen 0.752%, phosphorus 35.052 ppm, and potassium 63.216 ppm. The optimum condition was produced at 50% coconut fibre, 51.14% manure, and 50% CFLF. The results of the treatment optimization were applied to plants with an average number of fruits of 4.66 (fruits), fruit length of 20.08 (cm), diameter of 4.31 (cm), and fruit weight of 138.52 g. A practical method based on the concentration of planting media and liquid organic fertilizer is needed to increase the potential for harvest yields and promote environmental sustainability Keywords: Coconut; Feature Selection; RSM; Fertilizer; byproduct.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fandi Ahmad, Rian Christian Sondakh, Frilly Kawet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of the Implementation of Urban Farming in Efforts to Improve the Welfare of Farmers in Tomohon City
This research aims to determine the impact of implementing urban farming on the level of welfare of urban farmers in Tomohon City. The stages of the research process include library research, field research with questionnaires and data analysis. The analysis method used is the Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) method. The results of research based on context in planning needs and deciding on urban farming program activities are that the plants are cleaner, the fertilizer used, namely nutrient liquid, is more efficient because it suits the needs of the plants, the plants are relatively rarely affected by disease because they can be controlled, and the quality and quantity of production is higher so that it has high resale value. The input side is creating opportunities and jobs. Because with this, urban communities can use this business as a source of income or additional income. The process side is the implementation of procedures for using seeds worth IDR 35,000 to produce 100 kg of production. Plus fixed costs, namely equipment and other variable costs, amounting to IDR 1,606,033. At this stage, every existing activity process can be monitored by controlling every cost and farming activity carried out. As for the product side, namely the evaluation of the results achieved can be proven by receipt of IDR 4,500,000 from activities carried out and based on procedures. Keywords: urban farming; farmer welfare; hydroponics Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalisis bagaimana dampak penerapan urban farming terhadap tingkat kesejahteraan petani perkotaan di Kota Tomohon. Tahapan proses penelitian meliputi penelitian kepustakaan, penelitian lapangan dengan kuisioner dan analisis data. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP). Hasil penelitian berdasarkan Context dalam merencanakan kebutuhan dan memutuskan kegiatan program urban farming yaitu tanaman lebih bersih, pupuk yang digunakan yaitu cairan nutrisi lebih efisien karena sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman, tanaman relatif jarang terkena penyakit karena bisa terkontrol, serta kualitas dan kuantitas produksi lebih tinggi sehingga memiliki nilai jual tinggi. Sisi input yaitu menciptakan kesempatan dan lapangan kerja. Karena dengan hal itu masyarakat perkotaan dapat menjadikan usaha tersebut sebagai sumber pendapatan atau tambahan pemasukan. Sisi process yaitu implementasi prosedur dalam penggunaan benih seharga Rp.35.000 dapat menghasilkan produksi sebanyak 100 kg. Ditambah dengan biaya tetap yaitu peralatan dan biaya variabel lainnya sebesar Rp1.606.033. Pada tahap ini dapat dimonitor setiap proses kegitan yang ada dengan mengontrol setiap biaya maupun aktivitas usahatani yang dilakukan. Adapun pada sisi product yaitu evaluasi hasil yang dicapai dapat dibuktikan dengan penerimaan seebesar Rp4.500.000 dari aktivitas yang dilakukan dan berdasarkan prosedur. Kata kunci : urban farming; kesejahteraan petani; hidroponik
Copyright (c) 2025 Benu, Yolanda Pinky Ivanna Rori, Audrey Julia Maria Maweikere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Developing the Business Resilience - Technopreneur and Digital Transformation Model
Abstract: This research aims to develop a business resilience model on MSMEs during COVID-19 theoretically and empirically. This research uses the TCM method for literature review analysis and SEM for model testing. The object population of this research is MSMEs in a rural area in Indonesia. The sample of this research is 301 MSME owners who are still surviving during COVID-19. The results reveal no significant direct influence of government support assistance on business resilience. However, government support assistance, knowledge management, and innovation through technopreneur have a significant impact on digital transformation, and then digital transformation on business resilience. The research made new theoretical and empirical contributions of MSMEs to utilize government support in business resilience models and knowledge management and innovation concerning entrepreneurship. Keywords: Business resilience; COVID-19; digital transformation; government assistance; innovation; knowledge management; MSMEs; technopreneur.
Copyright (c) 2025 Octavia Diana Monica Tuegeh, Adrian Szilárd Nagy, Franda Benedicta Paat, Johan Reineer Tumiwa , Frilly Kawet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrating Innovation, Sustainability, and Industrial Economics for Enhancing Agricultural Supply Chain Performance in Emerging Economies
This study proposes a comprehensive framework that integrates innovation, sustainability, and industrial economics to improve supply chain performance in the agricultural sector of emerging economies. Using bibliometric and correlation analyses, this research identifies key indicators such as environmental management, circular economy practices, and enterprise resource optimization that shape agricultural systems. Innovation is treated as a moderating factor that links sustainable practices with supply chain outcomes, particularly within agro-industrial contexts. The findings underscore the synergy between sustainability and innovation in strengthening agricultural supply chains, contributing to food security, economic competitiveness, and resilience in emerging markets. This framework offers practical insights for agricultural policymakers, agri-tech developers, and agro-industry stakeholders working toward sustainable agrotechnology transformation. Keywords: Emerging Economies, Agricultural Supply Chain, Industrial Economics, Sustainable Development, Innovation, Environmental Management, Agrotechnology, Circular Economy, Agroindustry
Copyright (c) 2025 Ferdinand Tumewu , Octavia Tuegeh, Franda Benedicta Paat, Johan Tumiwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bird Community in Vegetated Area in Manado City
This study analyzed bird diversity and community structure across three habitat types in Manado City—urban areas, the Gunung Tumpa H.V. Worang Forest Park (TAHURA), and mangrove ecosystems. Bird surveys were conducted using 100-meter line transects from March to April 2025. Analyses included Shannon and Margalef indices, beta-diversity, K-Means clustering, logistic regression, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A total of 45 species from 26 families were recorded, with the highest diversity in TAHURA (33 species) and the lowest in Sparta Tikala Green Park (13 species). Shannon (1.28) and Margalef (12.95) indices indicated moderate diversity and high richness. Environmental factors such as illumination, noise, temperature, and humidity significantly affected bird distribution. High illumination and noise reduced diversity, whereas higher humidity increased it. PCA revealed that habitat differences were mainly influenced by anthropogenic disturbance and microclimatic conditions. Keywords: Bird Community, Vegetated Land, Manado City Abstrak. Penelitian ini menganalisis keanekaragaman dan struktur komunitas burung pada tiga tipe habitat di Kota Manado—kawasan urban, TAHURA Gunung Tumpa H.V. Worang, dan ekosistem mangrove. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan metode transek jalur (100 m) selama Maret–April 2025. Analisis menggunakan indeks Shannon, Margalef, beta-diversity, K-Means, regresi logistik, dan PCA. Tercatat 45 spesies dari 26 famili, dengan keanekaragaman tertinggi di TAHURA (33 spesies) dan terendah di RTH Sparta Tikala (13 spesies). Nilai Shannon sebesar 1,28 dan Margalef 12,95 menunjukkan keanekaragaman sedang dan kekayaan tinggi. Faktor lingkungan seperti iluminasi, kebisingan, suhu, dan kelembaban berpengaruh signifikan terhadap distribusi burung. Iluminasi dan kebisingan tinggi menurunkan keanekaragaman, sedangkan kelembaban tinggi meningkatkannya. PCA menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan habitat terutama dipengaruhi oleh faktor antropogenik dan mikroklimat Keywords: Komunitas Burung, Lahan Bervegetasi, Kota Manado
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ibnu Yusan B. Marsaoly, Johny Suwodjo Tasirin, Martina Agustina Langi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Viability, Vigor, and Early Seedling Growth of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) from Polyembryonic and Zygotic Seeds
Polyembryony in mango offers a potential route to produce uniform planting material, yet its practical value relative to zygotic seed sources requires empirical evidence. This study assessed whether polyembryonic seeds can serve as reliable sources of seedlings and examined how embryo origin and seed integrity affect early growth. The research was conducted for eight months in Eris Village and in the Plant Science Laboratory and shade house. A randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replications was used, comprising whole zygotic seeds that produced a single seedling (Z1), whole polyembryonic seeds that produced two and three seedlings (U2, U3), and split polyembryonic seeds yielding two and three seedlings (B2, B3). Viability exceeded eighty five percent for the zygotic lot and for the intact polyembryonic lots, and mean germination time was 3.243 days, which together indicate good physiological quality. Analysis of variance detected no significant differences among treatments for plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter, which shows that early vegetative growth was broadly comparable regardless of seed origin. Root weight differed at the five percent level, with Z1 and U2 forming a higher group than U3, B2, and B3, while leaf area varied descriptively and tended to be greater in intact seed treatments without confirmed statistical separation. Visual records of germination, seedling morphology, and nursery beds supported these findings. Overall, polyembryonic seeds, whether used intact or split, produced seedlings whose early performance matched that of zygotic seedlings, which supports their use as feasible sources of planting material under the conditions of this study, while highlighting a possible advantage in belowground biomass for some intact treatments. Keywords : polyembryony, Mangifera indica, zygotic seedlings, nucellar seedlings, seed viability, seed vigor, mean germination time, early seedling growth, leaf area, root biomass, nursery performance
Copyright (c) 2025 Stanley A. F. Walingkas, Pemmy Tumewu, Meity R. Rantung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diversity Of Weed Types in The Gunung Karang Coffee Plantation, Swadaya Village
This study aimed to determine the diversity and dominance of weeds in coffee plantations in Gunung Karang, Swadaya Village, Karang Tanjung District, Pandeglang Regency. The method used was a belt transect with a plot size of 1 × 1 m at three land elevations, namely 500, 600, and 700 masl. The results showed that the diversity of weed species is quite high with a total of 20 species from 14 families. The composition and dominance of weeds varied at each elevation. At an altitude of 500 masl, the dominant weed is Oplismenus compositus (Poaceae), while at 600 masl it is dominated by Synedrella nodiflora (Asteraceae) and Peperomia pellucida (Piperaceae). At 700 masl, Spermacoce latifolia (Rubiaceae) showed the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) value, indicating a high level of adaptation and competitiveness in the highlands. Environmental factors such as light intensity, humidity, and location altitude influence the diversity and structure of the weed community. The dominance of certain weeds can inhibit the growth of coffee plants, so an effective and sustainable weed control strategy is needed, for example by means of an integrated control approach that includes manual, mechanical, and technical cultural methods, such as routine weeding and the use of competitive ground cover plants. Keywords: Coffee, Diversity, Dominance, Gunung karang, Weeds. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan dominansi gulma pada lahan pertanaman kopi di Gunung Karang, Desa Swadaya, Kecamatan Karang Tanjung, Kabupaten Pandeglang. Metode yang digunakan adalah belt transect dengan ukuran plot 1 × 1 m pada tiga ketinggian lahan, yaitu 500, 600, dan 700 mdpl. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keanekaragaman jenis gulma tergolong cukup tinggi dengan total 20 jenis yang berasal dari 14 famili. Komposisi dan dominansi gulma bervariasi pada setiap ketinggian. Pada ketinggian 500 mdpl, gulma yang dominan adalah Oplismenus compositus (Poaceae), sedangkan pada 600 mdpl didominasi oleh Synedrella nodiflora (Asteraceae) dan Peperomia pellucida (Piperaceae). Pada 700 mdpl, Spermacoce latifolia (Rubiaceae) menunjukkan nilai Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) tertinggi, menandakan tingkat adaptasi dan daya saing yang tinggi di dataran tinggi. Faktor lingkungan seperti intensitas cahaya, kelembapan, dan ketinggian lokasi berpengaruh terhadap keanekaragaman dan struktur komunitas gulma. Dominansi gulma tertentu dapat menghambat pertumbuhan tanaman kopi, sehingga diperlukan strategi pengendalian gulma yang efektif dan berkelanjutan, misalnya dengan cara pendekatan pengendalian terpadu yang mencakup cara manual, mekanis, dan kultur teknis, seperti penyiangan rutin serta pemanfaatan tanaman penutup tanah yang kompetitif. Kata-Kata Kunci: Dominansi, Gulma, Kopi, Gunung karang, Keanekaragaman
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Wahyuni, Sri Ritawati, Widia Eka Putri, Andree Saylendra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Understory Plants in Microclimate in Coconut-Based Agroforestry
The use of land with a coconut-based agroforestry system is currently widely practiced in the South Minahasa region. In this agroforestry system, coconut trees are planted together with other plants on a single plot of land. The diversity of underplanting also plays a role in modifying the microclimate around the coconut trees, which in turn can affect the growth and productivity of the plants. Microclimate is the climatic conditions that occur around plants and is greatly influenced by various factors, including plant diversity. Coconut trees in coconut-based agroforestry systems bring about changes in the microclimate under the canopy and can lower air temperature, reduce radiation, and decrease wind speed under the canopy. This study aims to determine the effect of various types of vegetation on the microclimate in coconut-based agroforestry. The research was conducted in Ongkaw Village using a survey method. Microclimate measurements included solar radiation transmission, air temperature, air humidity, and wind speed at each observation plot. Data on underplant vegetation was observed using a purposive sampling plot method on coconut agroforestry land with different vegetation structures. The results showed that, compared to monoculture areas, the presence of understory plants significantly reduced air temperature, increased relative humidity, slowed wind speed, and reduced the intensity of light reaching the ground. Compared to other types of plants, plots with multi-strata fruit plants had the best microclimate conditions; shrub plots showed a moderate effect on microclimate moderation, while more open plots tended to have higher temperatures and lower humidity. The conclusion of this study is that the selection of understory plants in coconut agroforestry systems greatly influences microclimate conditions. Multi-strata fruit trees have been proven to be the most effective in creating a cooler and more humid microclimate, which can contribute to improved soil health and reduced stress on the main crop
Copyright (c) 2025 Euis F.S. Pangemanan, Josephus I. Kalangi, Fabiola B. Saroinsong, Semuel P. Ratag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Coconut Agribusiness Supply Chains and the Potential for Closed-Loop Models in North Sulawesi
Abstract. Coconut is a key smallholder crop in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, yet the agribusiness system remains characterised by low on-farm value addition, quality losses and underutilised by-products. A closed-loop supply chain model, which integrates forward flows of primary products with reverse flows of by-products and residues, has been proposed as a way to improve efficiency, market access and price incentives for farmers. This study analyses the coconut agribusiness supply chain in two major producing districts, Minahasa Tenggara and Minahasa Selatan, focusing on current configurations and the potential implementation of a closed-loop model. An applied case-study design was used, combining secondary data with primary data collected through questionnaires and interviews with farmers, traders, micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), processing companies and supporting institutions between March and October 2024. Qualitative mapping and descriptive quantitative analysis were employed to examine supply chain structure, coordination, by-product utilisation, market access and price incentives. The results show that Minahasa Tenggara still operates a conventional, trader-driven supply chain with limited processing and minimal integration of by-products, whereas Minahasa Selatan exhibits emerging closed-loop features through partnership schemes linking farmer groups, processing companies and MSMEs, including the utilisation of husk, shell and coconut water for cocopeat, coir products, charcoal, briquettes and liquid organic fertiliser. These arrangements provide a foundation for improved market access and potentially better price incentives for farmers, but benefits remain uneven and depend on institutional support and the strengthening of farmer organisations and MSMEs. Keywords: coconut; closed-loop supply chain; agribusiness; by-products; smallholder farmers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Caroline B. D. Pakasi, Noortje Marsellanie Benu, Mex Frans Lodwyk Sondakh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Percentage of Attacks and Intensity of Damage by Emerald Beetle Pest Agrilus sp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on Clove Plantations in Pinolosian District, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr.& Perry) is an aromatic shrub. In 2007, a stem-boring beetle, namely the emerald beetle Agrilus sp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), was found in Pinolosian Subdistrict, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This study aims to determine the intensity of damage and the percentage of Agrilus sp. pest infestation in Pinolosian Subdistrict, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The study was conducted in Pinolosian District, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Province, from February to July 2025. The study employed a quantitative descriptive method. Data on the percentage of infestation and damage intensity caused by Agrilus sp. were processed using Microsoft Excel and presented in tables and diagrams. The highest percentage of infestation was found at Station III at 70%, The highest attack percentage was found at Station III at 70%, and the lowest attack percentage was found at Station II at 40%. The highest damage intensity was found at Station III at 50.83% with a severe damage category, and the lowest damage intensity was found at Station II at 12.50% with a mild damage category. Keywords: Attack percentage, damage intensity, and Agrilus sp. Abstrak. Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry) adalah tanaman perdu beraroma. Pada tahun 2007 ditemukan kumbang penggerek batang yaitu kumbang zamrud Agrilus sp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) di Kecamatan Pinolosian, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui intensitas kerusakan dan persentase serangan hama Agrilus sp. di Kecamatan Pinolosian, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Selatan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Pinolosian, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Selatan, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara dan dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari-Juli 2025. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Data persentase serangan dan intensitas kerusakan hama Agrilus sp. diolah menggunakan Ms. Excel dan ditampilkan dalam bentuk tabel dan diagram. Persentase serangan tertinggi terdapat pada Stasiun III yaitu 70%, dan persentase serangan terendah ditemukan pada Stasiun II yaitu 40%. Intensitas kerusakan tertinggi terdapat pada Stasiun III yaitu 50,83% dengan kategori kerusakan berat, dan intensitas kerusakan terendah ditemukan di Stasiun II yaitu 12,50% dengan kategori kerusakan ringan. Kata Kunci: Persentase serangan, Intensitas kerusakan, dan Agrilus sp
Copyright (c) 2026 Jackson Watung, Ulrich Umboh, Dantje Tarore, Sherlij Dumalang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Tourist Satisfaction Levels in Mangrove Ecotourism Using the Net Promoter Score (NPS) Method
This study aims to assess the level of tourist satisfaction with the Darunu Mangrove Ecotourism Village using the Net Promoter Score (NPS) method. This approach was chosen because it is effective in measuring not only tourist satisfaction but also loyalty behavior, which is reflected in tourists' willingness to recommend the destination to others. This study used a quantitative descriptive method involving 100 tourists selected by accidental sampling. Data were obtained through field observations, brief interviews, and a questionnaire using a Likert scale. The findings show that overall tourist satisfaction is in the “good” category, with an average NPS score of 52.7. The highest-ranking indicators are friendly environmental conditions (72), intention to revisit (69), affordability (68), and destination attractiveness (66). Conversely, the facilities (40) and accessibility (48) indicators have the lowest scores, indicating the need for improvements in infrastructure and visitor comfort. The results demonstrate that community involvement and sustainable environmental management play a crucial role in shaping positive tourism experiences. Furthermore, this study provides strategic insights for destination managers and local governments to enhance the development of sustainable mangrove-based ecotourism in the coastal areas of North Minahasa. Keywords: tourist satisfaction, mangrove ecotourism, tourist loyalty, Net Promoter Score (NPS), destination management, sustainable tourism
Copyright (c) 2026 Fandy Yones Latuni, Silvya Lefina Mandey, Agus Supandi Soegoto , Raymond Christian Kawet, Christy Natalia Rondonuwu, Franda Benedicta Paat, Diane Natalin Datualo, Isye Lumi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identification Of Insect Diversity in Coffee Plants at Various Heights of Citaman Lawang Taji Gunung Karang Pandeglang Plantations
Coffee (Coffea sp) is a significant plantation crop in Indonesia. Smallholder farmers grow it using environmentally friendly management systems that keep soil fertile and the biodiversity high. This research utilizes a quantitative descriptive methodology. We collected data by directly observing the field and using trapping methods. In three different places, they used pitfall traps, yellow pan traps, and light traps. Purposive sampling was used to choose the place where samples would be taken. There were four samples taken, each one a week apart. After identifying and analyzing the insect that had been collected, we used ANOVA with F tables of 1% and 5% to find their diversity, dominance, and evenness. The findings indicated that 6 orders and 21 families were recognized from the three sites. The diversity indices for locations I, II, and III were classified as medium (1.51), low (-0.11), and medium (1.99), respectively. The dominance indices for sites I, II, and III were classified as low (0.44), low (0.11), and low (0.21), respectively. The evenness index for locations I, II, and III was low (0.26), low (-0.02), and moderate (0.44), respectively. Keywords: Identification, Diversity, Insects, Coffee, Diversity, Pandeglang
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Isnaeni, Alfu Laila, Julio Eiffelt Rossaffelt Rumbiak, Andree Saylendra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization of Electricity Transition Scenarios Toward Net Zero Emissions by 2060 in Indonesia: Resource Analysis and System Reliability
Indonesia faces a critical challenge to fulfill Indonesia's commitment to the Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (ENDC) 2030 and to meet the net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2060. This requires the electricity sector to adopt low-emission, reliable, and investment-efficient technologies. This study develops three electricity transition scenarios toward net zero emission using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) system. Three scenarios are: (1) Current Strategy (CS) with emphasis on coal-based generation with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS); (2) Renewable Energy-Based Transition (ET) prioritizing solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal; and (3) Enhanced Renewable and New Energy Transition (EBT) combining renewables with nuclear and hydrogen baseload. Model results demonstrate that electricity demand in 2060 is projected at 1,808 TWh with peak load of 245 GW. The required generation capacity reaches 565 GW (CS), 758 GW (EBT), and 1211 GW (EBT). Peak emissions occur in 2031 at 440 MtCO₂ (CS) and 439 MtCO₂ (ET and EBT). By 2060, zero emissions are achieved in the ET and EBT scenarios, while CS still emits 103 MtCO₂. All scenarios meet the ENDC 2030 emission-reduction target. System reliability is highest in EBT and CS, whereas emission reductions are greatest in ET and EBT.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nursidik, Rizaldi Boer, Meika Syahbana Rusli, Frangky J. Paat, Sultan Aziz Barai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identification Of Insect Pests on Retail Rice in Three Markets in Serang Regency
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis serangga hama yang terdapat pada beras eceran serta menganalisis mutu fisik tiga merek beras yang dipasarkan di tiga pasar tradisional di Kabupaten Serang, yaitu Pasar Tirtayasa, Pasar Begog, dan Pasar Dukuh. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret hingga Mei 2025 menggunakan rancangan tersarang (nested design) dengan dua faktor, yaitu lokasi pasar dan merek beras (SLYP Super RL Macho, SLYP Super OS, dan SLYP Super KM Karya Makmur). Parameter yang diamati meliputi jenis dan jumlah serangga hama, rasio jantan dan betina, derajat sosoh, kadar air, serta jumlah benda asing. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa Sitophilus oryzae merupakan spesies dominan yang ditemukan pada seluruh sampel dengan jumlah populasi tertinggi pada merek RL Macho di Pasar Tirtayasa. Kondisi suhu dan kelembapan pasar yang relatif tinggi (27–32°C dan 60–80%) mendukung perkembangan populasi hama tersebut. Keberadaan hama berpengaruh terhadap penurunan mutu fisik beras, ditunjukkan dengan meningkatnya persentase butir patah, menir, dan kadar air yang melebihi batas standar SNI. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, keberadaan S. oryzae sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi penyimpanan dan kadar air beras. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penerapan sistem penyimpanan yang lebih higienis dan pengawasan mutu di tingkat pedagang untuk menekan populasi hama dan mempertahankan kualitas beras yang beredar di pasar tradisional Kabupaten Serang.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nahla Nahla, Alfu Laila, Imas Rohmawati, Julio Eiffelt Rossaffelt Rumbiak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance Measurement of the Impact of Social Return on Investment (SROI) of the Jayakarta Agro-Educational Tourism Program of PT XYZ
The impact analysis of PT XYZ Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program using the Social Return on Investment (SROI) method focuses on the company's flagship initiative, the Agro-Educational Tourism Jayakarta program, located in Jatinegara Kaum Village, Pulo Gadung District, East Jakarta. This program has been a collaboration between PT XYZ and the Rumah Kaum Jayakarta Forest Farmers Group (KTH) since 2021. The impact assessment utilized both quantitative and qualitative data collected through periodic financial reports, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD). The SROI value of the Agro-Educational Tourism Jayakarta program was 3,58, indicating that every one rupiah invested by PT XYZ generated 3,52 rupiah of economic, social, and environmental benefits. The total net benefit, after a 15% deadweight adjustment, amounted to Rp4.928.800.674 over the 2021–2023 period. The identified benefits include: (a) enhanced horticultural cultivation skills, (b) increased income from horticultural product sales, (c) strengthened social capital such as cohesion and solidarity, (d) reduced organic and inorganic waste through maggot cultivation and creative recycling, and (e) the emergence and dissemination of environmental awareness movements. The total CSR investment under the empowerment category for this program reached Rp1.399.345.270 over three years (2021–2023). The Agro-Educational Tourism Jayakarta program effectively addressed local waste management challenges by establishing an integrated waste management system to minimize waste generation, environmental degradation, flood risk, and disease. The program also introduced an innovative system that transformed waste into a savings-based investment tool, integrating it with environmental preservation through fun-learning-based educational tourism packages designed to foster "Earth Guardians" in Jatinegara Kaum Village. The program's novelty lies in its combination of (a) cultural and religious tourism centered on Prince Jayakarta, (b) agro-education applying fun learning methods for horticulture and waste management, (c) waste processing through maggot cultivation, composting, and creative recycling, and (d) creative economic development through waste banking and the facilitation of the Jayakarta Joint Business Group (KUBE) to support local MSMEs. From a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective, Agro-Educational Tourism Jayakarta contributes to reducing Global Warming Potential (GWP) through waste processing that lowers methane (CH₄) emissions and tree planting efforts supporting Net Zero Emission (NZE) initiatives. The program achieved tangible outcomes, including: reduction of 9,3 tons/year of inorganic waste and 5,4 tons/year of organic waste, mitigation of 221,55 kg of CH₄ and 7.532,7 kg CO₂-eq emissions, an average income of Rp99.600.000/year per KTH member, increased social cohesion, a membership growth from 33 to 47 members, and engagement of 23 potential Bank Sampah replication customers in Duren Sawit District. Keywords: SROI; Agro-Educational Tourism; CSR; Social Impact; PT XYZ
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizal Razak, Rindang Matoati, Thamya Amelia, Siti Vina Rahma Septiani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Inventory of Aquatic Insects as Bioindicators of Pollution in Sosongian Watershed, South Minahasa District.
Abstract. Over time, human activities have increased, resulting in potentially polluted rivers. Variations in aquatic insect populations in freshwater ecosystems can indicate the possibility of pollution. This study aims to inventory and identify various types of aquatic insects as bioindicators of pollution in the Sosongian watershed, South Minahasa Regency. Sampling was conducted using kick sampling, hand picking, and sweeping techniques at three Sosongian river stations. Identification of aquatic insects using identification key McCafferty (1981); Morse et al (1994); Yule & Hoi sen (2004); Nebois (1991); Carver (1991). The results found six orders and 21 families of aquatic insects. Key Words: Inventory, Aquatic Insects, Pollution Bioindicators Abstrak. Seiring berjalannya waktu, aktivitas manusia terus meningkat dan mengakibatkan sungai berpotensi tercemar. Variasi populasi serangga air yang ada dalam ekosistem air tawar bisa mengindikasikan kemungkinan pencemaran terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi dan mengidentifikasi berbagai jenis serangga air sebagai bioindikator pencemaran di DAS Sosongian, Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik kick sampling, hand picking, dan sapuan pada tiga stasiun sungai sosongian. Identifikasi serangga air menggunakan kunci identifikasi McCafferty (1981); Morse et al (1994); Yule & Hoi sen (2004); Nebois (1991); Carver (1991). Hasil penelitian ditemukan sebanyak enam ordo dan 21 famili serangga air. Kata Kunci: Inventarisasi, Serangga Air, Bioindikator Pencemaran
Copyright (c) 2026 Sara H. Roesli, James B. Kaligis, Jackson F. Watung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) Seed Powder as a Bioadsorbent for Heavy Metals in Community Gold Mine Effluent: Implications for Agricultural Water Use
Gold mining in rural areas can contaminate rivers and canals that are also used for irrigation, creating risks for agricultural water use. This study evaluated Moringa oleifera seed powder as a low-cost bioadsorbent to improve community gold mine wastewater in Bolaang Mongondow Timur, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Effluent collected at the mine outlet was treated in batch with moringa seed powder at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g L⁻¹. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Hg were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry before and after treatment, and summarized together with removal efficiencies and Indonesian effluent standards. A dose of 0.5 g L⁻¹ gave the best apparent reduction for Cd and Cu, while Pb and Hg responded best at higher doses; Cr was only weakly affected, consistent with the limited removal of anionic Cr(VI) by unmodified biosorbents. Overall, moringa seed powder reduced the levels of several cationic metals. It may help lower heavy-metal loads entering agricultural water systems. Still, the non-replicated, descriptive nature of the data means that further replicated and field-based studies are needed before routine irrigation use can be recommended. Keywords: Moringa oleifera; bioadsorbent; gold mine wastewater; heavy metals; irrigation water quality
Copyright (c) 2026 Sofia Wantasen, Selvie Tumbelaka, Adeleyda M. W. Lumingkewas, Frangky J. Paat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integration Of Local Leafy Forage In Smallholder Pig Farming And Its Implications For The Nutritional Quality Of Pork Jerky With Added Subcutaneous Fat
Integrating locally produced leafy forage into smallholder pig systems may influence the nutritional quality of value-added meat products. This study evaluated pork jerky manufactured with different levels of added subcutaneous fat using carcasses from pigs raised in smallholder farms where local leafy forage formed part of the diet. Leafy forage and jerky were characterised by proximate analysis. A completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% added subcutaneous fat; R0–R4) and five replications was used. Increasing added fat from 0 to 40% reduced jerky moisture (40.10 to 32.80%), ash (9.92 to 5.42%) and crude protein (41.21 to 24.67%), while crude fat (8.19 to 28.44%) and carbohydrate by difference (0.58 to 8.67%) increased markedly (P < 0.05). Thus, subcutaneous fat level is a major lever for modifying the energy density and macronutrient profile of pork jerky. From an agricultural systems perspective, these findings illustrate how carcass utilisation and simple on-farm processing can add value to pigs fed partly on local leafy forage and support small-scale agroindustry. Moderate fat inclusion appears to offer a practical compromise between maintaining protein content and enhancing sensory attributes. Keywords: Pork jerky; subcutaneous fat; leafy forage; smallholder pig farming; proximate composition; crop–livestock integration
Copyright (c) 2026 Merri D. Rotinsulu, R Hadju, H. S. Manangkot, Syalom Sakul, Nova Lontaan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Incidence of Yellow Virus Disease in Chili Pepper Plants (Capsicum frutescens L.) in East Tombatu District, Southeast Minahasa Regency
The purpose of this study is to ascertain the incidence of diseases in the chili plant population in East Tombatu District, Southeast Minahasa Regency, caused by the yellow virus that affects plants in terms of area. The sample garden is at least half a hectare in size. Purposive sampling was used to choose the sample gardens, and the survey was only done once. Five subplots, one in the center of the garden and one close to each corner, were used for sampling in each chili garden (plot). The quantity of individual plants, or sample units, in each subplot. The number of samples represents 20% of the total number of plants. The findings revealed that the melompar atas garden had the highest prevalence of yellow viral disease in cayenne pepper (100%), followed by Mundung (180.91%), esandom (80%), Malam part 2 (8.80%), and jumping (141.88%). The incidence of this illness rose as the plant grew older after being planted. Further study ideas include inventorying B. tabachi hosts, inventorying gemini virus hosts, and applying natural farming to reduce cayenne pepper infections. Keywords: Yellow Virus, Incidence, Capsicum frutescens. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keseringan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus kuning yang menyerang tanaman dalam aspek luasan pada populasi tanaman cabai di Kecamatan Tombatu Timur, Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara. Kebun sampel berukuran minimal 0,5 ha. Pemilihan kebun sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling, dan dan survei hanya dilakukan satu kali. Sampling pada setiap kebun (plot) cabe dilakukan pada lima subplot (setiap dekat sudut kebun satu plot dan satu subplot di tengah kebun). Jumlah unit contoh (individu tanaman) per subplot. Jumlah sampel ialah 20 % dari jumlah tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa insidensi penyakit virus kuning pada cabe rawit tertinggi terdapat di kebun melompar atas 100% diikuti oleh Mundung 180,91% esandom 80% Malam part 2 6 8,80% dan melompat 141,88% insidensi Penyakit ini makin tinggi seiring dengan makin tingginya umur tanaman sesudah tanam. Penelitian lanjutan yang disarankan ialah: inventarisasi inang-inang B. tabachi, menginventarisasi inang-inang gemini virus dan penerapan natural farming untuk mengendalikan patogen cabe rawit secara sekaligus. Kata-Kata Kunci: Virus Kuning, Insidensi, Capsicum frutescens
Copyright (c) 2026 Arthur Gehart Pinaria, Frans Bernhard Rondonuwu, Utari Satiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Polyembryonic Seed Types on Early Seedling Growth of Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr)
Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr.) is an important tropical fruit tree in Indonesia, but the supply of uniform and vigorous planting material for orchard establishment remains limited. Polyembryony in duku seeds offers a potential source of clonal seedlings, yet the effects of different polyembryonic seed types and handling methods on seedling vigor are not well documented. This study evaluated early seedling growth of duku derived from zygotic and polyembryonic seeds under farmer managed nursery conditions in Eris Village, North Sulawesi. A randomized complete block design was used with five seed treatments and four replications: zygotic seed with a single embryo (Z1), intact polyembryonic seeds with two embryos (PU2), intact polyembryonic seeds with three embryos (PU3), polyembryonic seeds cut into two sections (PB2), and polyembryonic seeds cut into three sections (PB3). At the end of the nursery phase, number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and root weight were recorded and analyzed by analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test at the five percent level. Seed type significantly affected all traits. Zygotic seeds produced seedlings with the highest leaf number, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and root weight. Seedlings from cut polyembryonic seeds (PB2 and PB3) showed intermediate performance, with stem diameter and root weight close to those of zygotic seedlings. In contrast, seedlings from intact polyembryonic seeds with three embryos (PU3) had the lowest leaf number, leaf area, and root weight. These findings indicate that zygotic seeds remain the best option for producing vigorous duku seedlings, while sections of polyembryonic seeds, especially PB2 and PB3, can provide acceptable alternatives when zygotic seeds are limited or when clonal propagation is desired. Keywords: duku; Lansium domesticum; polyembryonic seeds; seedling vigor; rootstock; nursery management
Copyright (c) 2026 Stanley A. F. Walingkas, Pemmy Tumewu, Meity R. Rantung, Sanriomi Sintaro, Frangky J. Paat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0