Komorbiditas anak gangguan spektrum autisme

Abstract

Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disruption. Its early condition is characterized by delay and deviance in the development of social, communication, and other skills. Someone who has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is easily to encounter other health problems which occur simultaneously, the comorbidity. Comorbidities that usually occur in children with autism spectrum disorder are mental disorders and physical diseases. This study was aimed to identify the comorbidities of children with autism spectrum disorder at autism schools, exceptional schools and disabled children therapy sites in Manado and Tomohon. This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The results showed that there were 31 parents of children with autism spectrum disorder as respondents. There were 30 children (96.77%) that had comorbidities. Of the 30 children with comorbidities, 7 children had generalized anxiety disorder (22.6%), 9 children had specific phobias (29%), 6 children had bipolar disorders (25.8%), 7 children had ADHD (22.6%), 22 children had allergic diseases (71%), 23 children had gastrointestinal disorders (74.2%), and 4 children had epilepsy (12.9%). Conclusion: In this study, most children with autism spectrum disorder had comorbidities and gastrointestinal disorder was the most frequent comorbidity.

Keywords: comorbidity, children, autism spectrum disorder.

Abstrak: Gangguan spektrum autisme adalah suatu gangguan perkembangan yang mana kondisi awalnya ditandai dengan keterlambatan dan penyimpangan dalam perkembangan sosial, komunikasi dan keterampilan lainnya. Orang yang didiagnosis dengan gangguan spektrum autisme sangat rentan mengalami masalah kesehatan lain yang terjadi secara bersamaan atau dikenal dengan istilah komorbiditas. Komorbiditas yang sering muncul pada anak gangguan spektrum autisme berupa gangguan mental dan penyakit fisik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komorbiditas pada anak gangguan spektrum autisme di sekolah khusus autisme, sekolah luar biasa dan tempat terapi anak berkebutuhan khusus di Kota Manado dan Tomohon. Jenis penelitian ialah kuantitatif dengan desain potong lintang terhadap 31 responden yaitu orangtua yang mempunyai anak gangguan spektrum autisme. Dari 31 responden ini didapatkan 30 anak gangguan spektrum autisme (96,77%) mengalami komorbiditas. Dari 30 anak gangguan spektrum autisme yang mengalami komorbiditas didapatkan 7 anak mengalami gangguan cemas menyeluruh (22,6%), 9 anak mengalami fobia spesifik (29%), 6 anak mengalami gangguan obsesif kompulsif (19,4%), 5 anak mengalami gangguan depresif mayor (16,1%), 8 anak mengalami gangguan bipolar (25,8), 7 anak mengalami GPPH (22,6%), 22 anak mengalami alergi (71%), 23 anak mengalami gangguan gastrointestinal (74,2%), dan 4 anak mengalami epilepsi (12,9%). Simpulan: Hampir semua anak gangguan spektrum autisme mengalami komorbiditas dan gangguan gastrointestinal merupakan komorbiditas yang paling sering ditemukan.

Kata kunci: komorbiditas, anak, gangguan spektrum autisme.