Tinjauan Literatur: Integrasi Praktik Pertanian dan Konservasi Ekosistem Untuk Mitigasi Emisi Karbon

Literature Review: Integrating Agricultural Practices and Ecosystem Conservation for Carbon Emission Mitigation

Abstrak

Perubahan iklim yang disebabkan oleh peningkatan emisi gas rumah kaca, terutama karbon dioksida (CO₂), menuntut adanya strategi mitigasi berbasis lahan yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau literatur terkait integrasi praktik pertanian berkelanjutan dengan konservasi ekosistem dalam mendukung mitigasi emisi karbon dan ketahanan pangan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah systematic literature review terhadap publikasi ilmiah, laporan lembaga internasional, serta hasil penelitian dari FAO, IPCC, dan Wageningen University & Research (WUR). Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa praktik pertanian berkelanjutan seperti cover cropping, rotasi tanaman, no-tillage, dan penggunaan pupuk organik mampu meningkatkan soil organic carbon (SOC) serta mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dari lahan pertanian. Sementara itu, konservasi ekosistem seperti hutan tropis dan mangrove berperan sebagai penyerap karbon alami (carbon sink) dengan potensi penyimpanan karbon yang tinggi. Integrasi keduanya melalui konsep climate-smart agriculture terbukti tidak hanya mengurangi emisi karbon, tetapi juga meningkatkan produktivitas pertanian dan ketahanan ekosistem. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa penerapan praktik pertanian ramah iklim dan konservasi ekosistem, yang didukung oleh kebijakan carbon credit dan Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), menjadi kunci dalam mencapai target Net Zero Emission secara berkelanjutan.

Kata Kunci: pertanian berkelanjutan, konservasi ekosistem, sekuestrasi karbon, perubahan iklim, climate-smart agriculture

Abstract

Climate change driven by increasing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), requires sustainable land-based mitigation strategies. This study aims to review the literature on the integration of sustainable agricultural practices and ecosystem conservation in supporting carbon emission mitigation and food security. The research employed a systematic literature review method, analyzing scientific publications, reports from international organizations, and findings from FAO, IPCC, and Wageningen University & Research (WUR). The review indicates that sustainable agricultural practices such as cover cropping, crop rotation, no-tillage, and the application of organic amendments can enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural lands. Furthermore, ecosystem conservation efforts, including the protection of tropical forests and mangroves, serve as natural carbon sinks with significant carbon storage potential. The integration of these approaches through the climate-smart agriculture framework has been shown to mitigate carbon emissions while improving agricultural productivity and ecosystem resilience. This study concludes that implementing climate-friendly agricultural practices combined with ecosystem conservation, supported by policies such as carbon credits and Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), is crucial to achieving Net Zero Emissions in a sustainable manner.

Keywords: sustainable agriculture, ecosystem conservation, carbon sequestration, climate change, climate-smart agriculture