Morphological Variation of Idea blanchardii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Palaes Ecotourism Area and Gunung Tumpa Grand Forest Park, North Sulawesi
Kata Kunci:
Idea blanchardii, morphometrics, morphological variation, Nymphalidae, North SulawesiAbstrak
Idea blanchardii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is an endemic butterfly of Sulawesi inhabiting tropical forest ecosystems from lowland to montane zones. This study aimed to analyze the morphological variation of I. blanchardii between populations in the Ecotourism Area of Palaes Village (92–121 m asl) and Gunung Tumpa Grand Forest Park (383–391 m asl), North Sulawesi. A total of 12 specimens were used, consisting of 3 males and 3 females from each location. Thirty-five morphometric characters were measured, comprising 12 body morphology characters, 13 forewing venation characters, and 10 hindwing venation characters. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, Ward's method cluster analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using SPSS version 16.0. The independent sample t-test revealed that in male individuals, 3 out of 35 characters (8.6%) differed significantly between populations, namely the forewing subcosta (Sca), forewing media 2 (M2a), and forewing media 3 (M3a). In female individuals, 8 out of 35 characters (22.9%) showed significant differences, including forewing length (PSD), mid-leg length (PKk2), forewing cubitus anterior 1 (CuA1a), forewing cubitus anterior 2 (CuA2a), forewing anal veins 1 (A1a), forewing anal veins 2 (A2a), hindwing cubitus anterior 2 (CuA2b), and hindwing anal veins 1 (A1b). Cluster analysis showed that male individuals from both locations were intermixed without a clear geographical pattern, whereas female individuals formed completely separate clusters based on location. PCA results supported these findings, where female individuals from Gunung Tumpa generally exhibited higher PC1 values compared to those from Palaes, although overlap between the two populations was still observed. Overall, 91.4% of male characters and 77.1% of female characters showed no significant differences, indicating that environmental differences between the two locations — including elevation, temperature, light intensity, humidity, and wind speed — have not yet resulted in strong morphological differentiation in I. blanchardii.
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