Vertical distribution and effect of the depth on growth form and genus of hard coral on coral reef in Bunaken Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35800/jasm.v10i1.35238Keywords:
zooxanthellae, coral reefs, hard coral, Bunaken island, North SulawesiAbstract
Bunaken Island generally has a 90° slope and it forms like an underwater wall. However, there are several locations in Bunaken Island that have a more gradually inclined slope. This study was aimed to identify the effect of depth and slope gradient toward vertical distribution on growth forms and genera of hard coral at three stations in Bunaken Island. The data was collected using Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method which was dragged vertically at 3-15 meters depth. The results of study showed two different types of slopes, steep and gentle slopes. Stations 1 and 2 were categorized as steep slope (90° and 55°, respectively) and station 3 was gentle slope (43°). Encrusting growth forms dominated at 90° slope, while at 55° and 43° slope was dominated by massive growth forms. Vertical distribution of the corals shows change in size and numbers of colonies along with increasing depth.
References
CHAPPELL, J. (1980) Coral morphology, diversity, and reef growth. Nature, 286 (5770), pp. 249-252.
DONE, T.J. (1982) Patterns in the distribution of coral communities across the central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 1, pp. 95-107.
ENGLISH, S., WILKINSON, C. and BAKER, V. (1997 Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. 2nd Ed. ASEAN-Australian Science Project: Living Costal Resources, Australian Institute of Marine Science. Australia: Townsville.
GIYANTO, ABRAR, M., HADI, T.A., BUDIYAN-TO, A., HAFIZT, M., SALATAHOLY, A. and ISWARI, M.Y. (2017) Status Terumbu Karang Indonesia 2017. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi-LIPI.
GLYNN, P.W. (1976) Some physical and biological determinants of coral community structure in the Eastern Pacific. Ecological Monographs, 46 (4), pp. 431-456.
GUMOLILI, Y. (2019) Kesehatan karang kondisi kesehatan terumbu karang daerah wisata selam Pulau Bunaken Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal Hospitaliti Dan Pariwisata, 2(1).
HADI. T.H., GIYANTO, PRAYUDHA, B., HAFIZT, M., BUDIYANTO, A. and SUHAR-SONO. (2018) Status Terumbu Karang Indonesia 2018. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi-Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia.
HILL, J. and WILKINSON, C. (2004) Methods for Ecological Monitoring of Coral Reefs. Version 1. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Australia: Townsville.
KAMBEY, A.D. (2014) Kondisi terumbu karang Pulau Bunaken Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax, 2(1), pp. 19-24.
KELLEY, R. (2016) Indo Pasific Coral Finder, 3rd edition. BYOGUIDES.
KRAMER, N., TAMIR, R., EYAL, G. and LOYA, Y. (2020) Coral morphology portrays the spatial distribution and population size-structure along a 5–100 m depth gradient. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7(615), pp. 1-13.
KREBS, C.J. (1989) Ecological Methodology. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. New York. Pp. 654.
KUSEN, J. D. and TIOHO, H. (2009) The present status of coral reef condition in Bunaken National Park and Manado Bay, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies, 11(2), pp. 219-222.
LUASUNAUNG, A., MANOPPO, V. and SCHADUW, J.N.W. (2015) Monitoring dan evaluasi lokasi penyelaman Pulau Bunaken Taman Nasional Bunaken Kota Manado Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal SPATIAL Wahana Komunikasi dan Informasi Geografi, 14(2), pp. 1-7.
MUNDY, C. and BABCOCK, R. (2000) Are vertical distribution patterns of scleractinian corals maintained by pre-or post-settlement processes? A case study of three contrasting species. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 198, pp. 109-119.
PICHON, M. (2011) Porites. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, pp. 815-821.
PRABANDARI, F. (2019) Rencana Pengelolaan Taman Nasional Bunaken Tahun 2019-2028. Balai Taman Nasional Bunaken. Jakarta: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan.
REZA, A. and SANCAYANINGSIH, R.P. (2017) Diversity, distribution and abundance of scleractinian coral in district-based marine protected area Olele, Bone Bolango, Gorontalo, Indonesia. ICBS Conference Proceedings, International Conference on Biological Science (2015), KnE Life Sciences, pp. 14-27.
ROJAS, J.P.S. (2010) Reef Front Heterogeneity Analysis and Coral Genus Diversity Pattern in the Bunaken National Park, Indonesia. Tesis. Netherlands: International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation.
RONDO, M., TAMANAMPO, J.F.W.S. and MANU, G.D. (2015) Dasar-Dasar Ekologi Perairan. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Manado: Universitas Sam Ratulangi.
SETIAWAN, F., KUSEN, J.D. and KALIGIS, G.J. (2013) Community changes of coral reef fishes in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Aquatic Science & Management, 1(2), pp. 117-123.
SUHARSONO. (2008) Jenis-jenis Karang di Indonesia. COREMAP Program. Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan (LIPI).
TOWOLIU, R. (2014) Coral reef condition in several dive points around Bunaken Island, North Sulawesi. Aquatic Science & Management, Edisi Khusus 2, pp. 44-48.
VERON, J.E.N. (1986) Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pasific. Australia: Angus and Robertson Publishers.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
COPYRIGHT & LICENSES:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under an Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format — and adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially — with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
