Analisis Komparatif Elemen Arsitektur Neo-Gotik Pada Gereja Katolik Hati Kudus Yesus Tomohon
Kajian Visual Berbasis Variabel Terhadap Bangunan Era Hindia Belanda
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35793/matrasain.v23i1.66635Keywords:
Identification, Neo-Gothic Architecture, Dutch East Indies, Catholic Church, TomohonAbstract
ABSTRAK
Gereja Katolik Hati Kudus Yesus di Tomohon merupakan salah satu peninggalan arsitektur era Hindia Belanda yang memiliki kekayaan elemen visual Neo-Gotik sekaligus variasi penyimpangan dari standar kanon Neo-Gotik di Belanda dan Eropa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis secara komparatif setiap variabel elemen arsitektur Neo-Gotik berdasarkan standar referensi dari tradisi Belanda dan Eropa dengan kondisi visual nyata yang teramati pada bangunan, mencakup elemen yang hadir secara utuh, hadir dengan modifikasi, maupun tidak hadir sama sekali. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif-komparatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus, melalui observasi lapangan sistematis, dokumentasi visual detail, dan komparasi terhadap indikator standar referensi untuk elemen Neo-Gotik dari literatur arsitektur. Analisis dilakukan terhadap 16 variabel elemen dan 3 tipologi denah, yang dikelompokkan dalam enam kategori: struktur kolom dan penopang, bukaan, atap dan langit-langit, simbol khas gotik, ornamen, serta menara. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dari 16 variabel elemen, 10 variabel teridentifikasi hadir pada bangunan, sebagian dengan modifikasi formal yang signifikan sementara 6 variabel tidak hadir. Kehadiran elemen seperti buttresses, stained glass, rose window, tracery, gable, pointed arches, moulding, portal, dan spire menunjukkan komitmen kuat terhadap kanon Neo-Gotik; sementara absennya clustered column, ribbed vaults, tympanum, jamb statue, gargoyle, dan pinnacle mencerminkan seleksi elemen berdasarkan pertimbangan struktural, keadaan setempat, dan ketersediaan material. Denah bangunan mengikuti tipologi rectangular (basilika), bukan crux immissa (salib latin) maupun hallenkirche (aula). Temuan ini mengkonfirmasi bahwa bangunan gereja ini merupakan representasi Neo-Gotik yang hibrid namun koheren secara visual dan simbolik, menghasilkan karakter arsitektur yang khas dan bernilai sebagai warisan budaya.
Kata Kunci: Analisis Komparatif, Neo-Gotik, Hindia Belanda, Arsitektur Gereja, Tomohon
ABSTRACT
The Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic Church in Tomohon is one of the architectural legacies of the Dutch East Indies period, distinguished by its rich Neo-Gothic visual elements as well as several deviations from the canonical Neo-Gothic standards established in the Netherlands and Europe. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of each Neo-Gothic architectural element based on reference standards derived from Dutch and European traditions and the actual visual conditions observed in the building, encompassing elements that are fully present, present with modifications, or entirely absent. A descriptive-comparative method with a case study approach was employed, involving systematic field observations, detailed visual documentation, and comparison with standard reference indicators for Neo-Gothic elements derived from architectural literature. The analysis examined sixteen architectural element variables and three floor-plan typologies, grouped into six categories: columns and supporting structures, openings, roofs and ceilings, characteristic Gothic symbols, ornaments, and towers. The findings indicate that, of the sixteen architectural element variables analyzed, ten are present in the building, some exhibiting significant formal modifications, while six are absent. The presence of elements such as buttresses, stained glass, rose windows, tracery, gables, pointed arches, mouldings, portals, and spires demonstrates a strong adherence to Neo-Gothic canon. In contrast, the absence of clustered columns, ribbed vaults, tympana, jamb statues, gargoyles, and pinnacles reflects a selective adaptation of architectural elements influenced by structural considerations, local conditions, and material availability. The building's floor plan follows a rectangular (basilica) typology rather than the crux immissa (Latin cross) or hallenkirche (hall church) forms. These findings confirm that the church represents a hybrid yet visually and symbolically coherent expression of Neo-Gothic architecture, resulting in a distinctive architectural character and reinforcing its significance as a cultural heritage asset.
Keywords: Comparative Analysis, Neo-Gothic, Dutch East Indies, Church Architecture, Tomohon
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