Morphometrics, gonad index, intestine index and latern index of sea urchins, Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Tiwoho and Kampung Ambong Beach, North Sulawesi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.8.1.2020.28600Keywords:
Tripneustes gratilla, allometric analysis, gonad index, intestinal index, lantern index, Tiwoho, Kampung Ambong.Abstract
Two populations of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) from two different habitats, Tiwoho and Kampung Ambong, show variations in morphometric and physiological characteristics. The average test diameter of the Tiwoho population is larger than the Kampung Ambong population. Although the two regressions of the test diameter – total weight relationship between the Tiwoho population and the Kampung Ambong population are identical, the T. gratilla of Tiwoho population has an isometric growth pattern whereas the Kampung Ambong population shows a negative allometric growth pattern. The two regressions of the test diameter – test height show identical slopes and intercepts and reveal an isometric growth for the two populations. For both populations, the gonad index is not affected by variations in the test diameter, but the gonad index of the Kampung Ambong population is greater than the gonad index of the Tiwoho population. Similarly, there is no significant relationship between the two variables, intestinal index, and test diameter, for both populations, and no significant difference in the intestinal index – test diameter regressions between the two populations. The relationship between the latern index – test diameter shows the lantern index remains constant with changes in the diameter test for the Tiwoho population. As for the Kampung Ambong population, the lantern index decreases with increasing test diameter. The two regressions of lantern index – test diameter show differences in the slopes of the lines, and this means that in adult size, the lantern index of the Tiwoho population is larger than the Kampong Ambong population. The low of the lantern index and the high of gonad index in Kampong Ambong could indicate more availability of food for sea urchins at this location compared to Tiwoho. Differences in food availability in the environment are thought to determine differences in the energy allocation strategies of the two populations of sea urchins T. gratilla.
Key words: Tripneustes gratilla, allometric analysis, gonad index, intestinal index, lantern index, Tiwoho, Kampung Ambong.
ABSTRACT
Dua populasi Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) dari dua habitat yang berbeda, Tiwoho dan Kampung Ambong, menunjukkan variasi dalam karakteristik morfometrik dan fisiologis. Diameter cangkang rata-rata populasi Tiwoho lebih besar dari populasi Kampung Ambong. Meskipun kedua regresi hubungan diameter cangkang – berat total antara populasi Tiwoho dan populasi Kampung Ambong adalah identik, T. gratilla populasi Tiwoho memiliki pola pertumbuhan isometrik sedangkan populasi Kampung Ambong menunjukkan pola pertumbuhan alometrik negatif. Dua regresi diameter cangkang - tinggi cangkang menunjukkan kesamaan kemiringan dan intersep dan memperlihatkan pertumbuhan isometrik untuk dua populasi. Untuk kedua populasi, indeks gonad tidak dipengaruhi oleh variasi diameter cangkang, tetapi indeks gonad populasi Kampung Ambong lebih besar dari pada indeks gonad populasi Tiwoho. Demikian pula, tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kedua variabel, indeks usus dan diameter cangkang, untuk kedua populasi, dan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan regresi indeks usus - diameter cangkang antara kedua populasi. Dalam hubungan diameter cangkang - indeks latern menunjukkan bahwa indeks lentera tetap konstan dengan perubahan diameter cangkang untuk populasi Tiwoho. Sedangkan untuk populasi Kampung Ambong, indeks lentera berkurang dengan meningkatnya diameter cangkang. Dua regresi indeks lentera – diameter cangkang menunjukkan perbedaan dalam kemiringan garis, dan ini berarti bahwa pada ukuran dewasa, indeks lentera populasi Tiwoho lebih besar dari populasi Kampung Ambong. Indeks lentera yang rendah dan indeks gonad yang tinggi di Kampung Ambong dapat mengindikasikan lebih banyak ketersediaan makanan untuk bulu babi di lokasi ini dibandingkan dengan di Tiwoho. Perbedaan ketersediaan makanan di lingkungan diperkirakan menentukan perbedaan dalam strategi alokasi energi dari dua populasi bulu babi T. gratilla.
Kata kunci: Tripneustes gratilla, analisis allometrik, indeks gonad, indeks usus, indeks lentera, Tiwoho, Kampung Ambong
References
Agatsuma, Y., 2013. Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Pseudocentrotus depressus, and Heliocidaris crassispina. Dalam: Lawrence, J.M. (Ed.), Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology, third ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 461-473.
Allen, G. R. 2008. Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indoâ€Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 5, 541-556.
Allen, G. R., dan Werner, T. B. 2002. Coral reef fish assessment in the ‘coral triangle’ of southeastern Asia. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 65, 209-214.
Black, R., Codd, C., Hebbert, D., Vink, S. dan Burt, J. 1984. The functional significances of the relative size of Aristotle’s lantern in the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 77, 81-97.
Black, R., Johson, M. S. dan Trendal, J. T. 1982. Relative size of Aristotle’s lantern in Echinometra mathaei occurring densities. Mar. Biol., 71, 101-106.
Brasseur, L., E. Hennebert, L. Fievez, G. Caulier, F. Bureau, L. Tafforeau, P. Flammang, P. Gerbaux, dan I. Eeckhaut. 2017. The roles of spinochromes in four shallow-water tropical sea urchins and their potential as bioactive pharmacological agents. Mar. Drugs, 15, 179.
Clark, A. M. dan Rowe, F. W. E. 1971. Monograph of shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Brithis Museum. London.
Conklin, E. J. dan Smith, J. E. 2005. Abundance and spread of the invasive red algae, Kappaphycus spp., in Kane'ohe Bay, Hawai'i and an experimental assessment of management options. Biological Invasions, 7, 1029-1039.
Dix, T. G. 1972. Biology of Evechinus chloroticus (Echinoidea: Echinometridae) from different localities. 4. Age, growth and size. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 6, 48-68.
Dworjanyn, S. A., Pirozzi, I. dan Wenshan, L. 2007. The effect of the addition of algae feeding stimulants to artificial diets for the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. Aquaculture, 273, 624-633.
Dworjanyn, S. A., Pirozzi, I. dan Liu, W. 2007. The effect of the addition of algae feeding stimulants to artificial diets of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. Aquaculture 273, 624-633.
Ebert, T. A. 1980. Relative growth of sea urchin jaws: an example of plastic resource allocation. Bull. Mar. Sci., 30, 467-474.
Ebert, T. A. 1996. Adaptative aspects of phenotypic plasticity in echinoderms. Oceanologica Acta 19, 347-355.
Ebert, T.A., 1968. Growth rates of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus related to food availability and spine abrasion. Ecology 49, 1075-1091.
Edwards, P. B. dan Ebert, T. A. 1991. Plastic responses to limited food availability and spine damage in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 145, 205-220.
FAO. 2019. FAO yearbook. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. 2017/FAO annuaire. Statistiques des pêches et de l’aquaculture. 2017/FAO anuario. EstadÃsticas de pesca y acuicultura. 2017. Rome/Roma, FAO. 108 hal.
Guillou, M. dan Lumingas, L. J. L.,1999. Variation in the reproductive strategy of the sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) related to food availability. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 79, 131-136.
Guillou, M., Lumingas, L. J. L. dan Michel, C. 2000. The effect of feeding or starvation on resource allocation to body components during the reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 245, 183-196.
Hasi, M. S., Lumingas, L. J. L dan Lohoo, A. V. 2016. Analisis allometri dan indeks fisiologis bulu babi Heliocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz, 1864) (Camarodonta, Echinometridae) di rataan terumbu Tongkeina dan Malalayang Dua, Manado, Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax. 4 (2), 45-55.
Huxley, J. S. 1932. Problems of relative growth. Methuen: London.
Huxley, J. S. dan Teissier, G. 1936. Terminology of relative growth. Nature, 137, 780-781.
Junioâ€Meñez, M. A., Bangi, H. G. B., Malay, M. C. dan Pastor, D. 2008. Enhancing the recovery of depleted Tripneustes gratilla stocks through growâ€out culture and restocking. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 16, 35-43.
Junioâ€Meñez, M. A., Macawaris, N. D. dan Bangi, H. G. B. 1998. Community based sea urchin (Tripneustes gratilla) growâ€out culture as a resource management tool. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 125, 393-399.
Kasim, M. 2009. Grazing activity of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla in tropical seagrass beds of Buton Island southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Coastal Development, 13, 19-27.
Lawrence, J. M. 2007. Edible sea urchins: use and life-history strategies. Dalam: Lawrence, J.M. (Ed.), Edible Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology, 2nd ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 1-9.
Levitan, D. R. 1988. Density-dependent size regulation and negative growth in the sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi. Oecologia, 76, 627-629.
Levitan, D. R. 1989. Density-dependent size regulation in Diadema antillarum: effects on fecundity and survivorship. Ecology 70, 1414-1424.
Levitan, D. R. 1991. Skeletal changes in the test and jaws of the sea-urchin Diadema antillarum in response to food limitation. Mar. Biol., 11, 431-435.
Levitan, D. R. 1991. Skeletal changes in the test and jaws of the sea-urchin Diadema antillarum in response to food limitation. Mar. Biol. 11, 431-435.
Liu, Y., H. Yan, K. Wen, J. Zhang, T. Xu, L. Wang, X. Zhou, and X. Yang. 2011. Identification of epidioxysterol from South China sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla Linnaeus and its cytotoxic activity. J. Food Biochem., 35, 932-938.
Lumingas, L. J. L. 1994. La plasticité chez l’oursin Sphaerechinus granularis en Rade de Brest (Bretagne, France). These de Doctorat, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale. 193 hal.
Lumingas, L. J. L. dan Guillou, M. 1994. Plasticité de l’oursin, Sphaerechinus gramilaris (Lamarck), face aux variations de l’environnement. Dalam : Echinoderms through time. David, B., Guille, A., Feral, J. P. dan Roux, M. (ed), A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, hal. 757-763.
Maharavo, J. 1993. Etude de l’oursin comestible Tripneustes gratilla (L. 1758) dans la région de Nosy-Bé (Côte Nord-ouest de Madagascar): densité, morphometrie, nutrition, croissance, processus réproducteurs, impact de l’exploitation sur les populations. Thesis. Docteur en Sciences, Université de Aix-Marseille III, Marseille.
McPherson, B. F. 1968. Contribution to the biology of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Bull. Mar. Sci., 18, 400-443.
Miskelly, A. 2002. Sea urchins of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Capricornica Publications: Sydney, hal. 180.
Muthiga, N. A. 2005. Testing for the effects of seasonal and lunar periodicity on the reproduction of the edible sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (L) in Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Hydrobiologia, 549, 57-64
Parvez, M. S., Rahman, M. A. dan Yusoff, F. M. 2016. Status, prospects, and potentials of echinoid sea urchins in Malaysia. International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences, 4 (1), 93-97.
Regalado, J. M., Campos, W. L. dan Santillan, A. S. 2010. Population biology of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) (Echinodermata) in seagrass beds of southern Guimaras, Philippines. Science Diliman, 22 (2), 41-49
Régis, M. B. 1979. Analyse des fluctuations des indices physiologiques chez deux echinoids (Paracentrotus lividus (Lemarck) et Arbacia lixula L.) du golfe de Marseille. Thetys, 9 (2), 167-181.
Scherrer, B. 1984. Biostatistique. Gaëtan Morin Éditeur : Boucherville (Canada).
Schultz, H. 2006. Sea urchins: a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. Third edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications: Hemdingen. 484 hal.
Shang, X. H., Liu, X. Y., Zhang, J. P., Gao, Y., Jiao, B. H., Zheng, H. dan Lu, X. L. 2014. Traditional Chinese Medicine—Sea Urchin. Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 14, 537-542.
Stimson, J., Cunha, T. dan Philippoff, J. 2007. Food preferences and related behavior of the browsing sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) and its potential for use as a biological control agent. Marine Biology, 151, 1761-1772.
Tuwo, A. 1995. Aspek biologi bulu babi jenis Tripneustes gratilla di Pulau Kapoposan, Dati II Pangkep, Sulawesi Selatan. Oseana, 22 (1), 20-29
Uneputty, P. A., Pattikawa, J. A. dan Rijoly, F. 2016. Status populasi bulu babi Tripneustes gratilla di perairan Desa Liang, Pulau Ambon. Omni-Akuatika, 12 (3), 98-105.
Worm, B., Barbier, E. B., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J. E., Folke, C., Halpern, B. S., Jackson, J. B. C., Lotze, H. K., Micheli, F., Palumbi, S. R., Sala, E., Selkoe, K. A., Stachowicz, J. J. dan Watson, R. 2006. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science, 314, 787-60.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
COPYRIGHT
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors hold their copyright and grant this journal the privilege of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that permits others to impart the work with an acknowledgment of the work's origin and initial publication by this journal.
Authors can enter into separate or additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (for example, post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its underlying publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their website) as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
