Bird Community in Vegetated Area in Manado City

Abstract

This study analyzed bird diversity and community structure across three habitat types in Manado City—urban areas, the Gunung Tumpa H.V. Worang Forest Park (TAHURA), and mangrove ecosystems. Bird surveys were conducted using 100-meter line transects from March to April 2025. Analyses included Shannon and Margalef indices, beta-diversity, K-Means clustering, logistic regression, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A total of 45 species from 26 families were recorded, with the highest diversity in TAHURA (33 species) and the lowest in Sparta Tikala Green Park (13 species). Shannon (1.28) and Margalef (12.95) indices indicated moderate diversity and high richness. Environmental factors such as illumination, noise, temperature, and humidity significantly affected bird distribution. High illumination and noise reduced diversity, whereas higher humidity increased it. PCA revealed that habitat differences were mainly influenced by anthropogenic disturbance and microclimatic conditions.

Keywords: Bird Community, Vegetated Land, Manado City

Abstrak. Penelitian ini menganalisis keanekaragaman dan struktur komunitas burung pada tiga tipe habitat di Kota Manado—kawasan urban, TAHURA Gunung Tumpa H.V. Worang, dan ekosistem mangrove. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan metode transek jalur (100 m) selama Maret–April 2025. Analisis menggunakan indeks Shannon, Margalef, beta-diversity, K-Means, regresi logistik, dan PCA. Tercatat 45 spesies dari 26 famili, dengan keanekaragaman tertinggi di TAHURA (33 spesies) dan terendah di RTH Sparta Tikala (13 spesies). Nilai Shannon sebesar 1,28 dan Margalef 12,95 menunjukkan keanekaragaman sedang dan kekayaan tinggi. Faktor lingkungan seperti iluminasi, kebisingan, suhu, dan kelembaban berpengaruh signifikan terhadap distribusi burung. Iluminasi dan kebisingan tinggi menurunkan keanekaragaman, sedangkan kelembaban tinggi meningkatkannya. PCA menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan habitat terutama dipengaruhi oleh faktor antropogenik dan mikroklimat

Keywords:  Komunitas Burung, Lahan Bervegetasi, Kota Manado