STUDI EKSPLORASI PENGALAMAN PEKERJA GENERASI Z TERKAIT PHK MASSAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35794/jmbi.v11i1.54176Abstrak
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh isu PHK massal yang umum terjadi dalam lingkungan perusahaan start-up, di mana sifat volatil yang melekat pada start-up seringkali menghasilkan kondisi kerja yang tidak pasti. Start-up, yang didorong oleh upaya inovasi dan pertumbuhan cepat, seringkali menggunakan strategi pemutusan hubungan kerja massal sebagai cara untuk mengurangi biaya, yang pada akhirnya membuat karyawan berada dalam posisi yang tidak pasti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki beragam tantangan yang dihadapi oleh pekerja Generasi Z dalam ekosistem perusahaan start-up di Indonesia setelah mengalami pemutusan hubungan kerja massal. Penelitian ini berupaya memahami konsekuensi emosional, psikologis, dan sosial dari pemutusan hubungan kerja ini, serta isu lebih luas mengenai ketidakpastian pekerjaan yang memengaruhi kelompok demografi ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif, terutama melalui wawancara mendalam dengan 13 karyawan survivor Generasi Z. Pendekatan ini memberikan pemahaman mendalam dan interpretatif terhadap perspektif yang kompleks tentang konsekuensi emosional yang dialami oleh karyawan Generasi Z setelah mengalami pemutusan hubungan kerja massal dalam ekosistem industri start-up di Indonesia.
Referensi
Arkhipov, S. V., Kuznetsova, O. V., & Kuznetsov, V. V. (2019). Motivational Factors of University Teachers and Students in the Context of the Theory of Generations. TEM Journal, 8(4), 1477-1483. DOI: 10.18421/TEM84-53
Audretsch, D.B., Belitski, M., & Caiazza, R. (2021). Start-ups, Innovation and Knowledge Spillovers. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 46, 1995 - 2016.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1986). Speech genres and other late essays. University of Texas Press.
Bentzen, M., Kenttä, G., Richter, A., & Lemyre, P. N. (2020). Impact of Job Insecurity on Psychological Well- and Ill-Being among High Performance Coaches. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 6939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196939
Bohle, S. L., Bal, P. M., Jansen, P. G. W., Leiva, P. I., & Mladinic Alonso, A. (2017). How mass layoffs are related to lower job performance and OCB among surviving employees in Chile: an investigation of the essential role of psychological contract. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(20), 2837-2860.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Burke, R. J., & Greenglass, E. R. (2000). Work stress, coping styles, and psychiatric disorders: A longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(3), 331-345.
Chairmann, C. (2004). Perceived control as a mediator of the effects of environmental stressors on residents' cardiovascular psychological. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26(2), 91-104.
Darbyshire, D., & MacDougall, C. (2018). Are we being rigorous enough in qualitative research? Using a constant comparative method with participants who have aphasia. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 53(1), 219-229.
Dencker, J. C. (2012). Disentangling the layoff-leverage relationship: exploring the joint effects of unemployment insurance and severance pay. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 65(4), 853-880.
Detik (2022). UU Ciptaker: Omnibus Law tentang Cipta Kerja. Retrieved from https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5198645/uu-ciptaker-omnibus-law-tentang-cipta-kerja
Detik (2023). Puluhan Karyawan Demo Perusahaan Start-up PHK Massal karena Omnibus Law. Retrieved from https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-6346351/puluhan-karyawan-demo-perusahaan-start-up-phk-massal-karena-omnibus-law
Foris, M., Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2022). Are Start-ups More Vulnerable to COVID-19 Disruptions? The Role of Organizational Characteristics and Contingency Planning. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 856.
Freeman, J., Carroll, G. R., & Hannan, M. T. (1983). The liability of newness: Age dependence in organizational death rates. American Sociological Review, 48(5), 692-710. doi: 10.2307/2094928
Gabrielova, J., & Buchko, A. (2021). Generational Cohorts in the Workplace: A Literature Review and Directions for Future Research. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 591702.
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
Giorgi, A., & Giorgi, B. (2009). The descriptive phenomenological method in psychology: A modified Husserlian approach. Duquesne University Press.
Guthrie, J. P., & Datta, D. K. (2008). Role of management control mechanisms in planned organizational change: An empirical investigation. Management Accounting Research, 19(3), 189-211.
Hartawan, E., Liu, D., Handoko, M. R., Evan, G., & Widjojo, H. (2021). Pengaruh Iklan Di Media Sosial Instagram Terhadap Minat Beli Masyarakat Pada E-Commerce. JMBI UNSRAT (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Bisnis dan Inovasi Universitas Sam Ratulangi)., 8(1).
Hoogendoorn, B., van der Zwan, P., & Thurik, R. (2017). Sustainable Entrepreneurship: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 157, 1133-1154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3646-8
Husserl, E. (1970). The Idea of Phenomenology. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. Netherlands.
Izzati, N. R. (2022). Kerangka kebijakan baru untuk pemutusan hubungan kerja? Studi kasus Omnibus Law Indonesia. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/kerangka-kebijakan-baru-untuk-pemutusan-hubungan-kerja-studi-kasus-omnibus-law-indonesia-179470
Kalleberg, A. L. (2000). Nonstandard employment relations: Part-time, temporary and contract work. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 341-365.
Keeping itself afloat: GoTo is rumored to opt for layoff. (2022, November 11). IDN Financials. Retrieved from https://www.idnfinancials.com/archive/id/news/45049/Keeping-itself-afloat-GoTo-is-rumoured-to-opt-for-layoff
Kim, M. S., & Choi, J. N. (2010). Layoff victim’s employment relationship with a new employer in Korea: Effects of unmet tenure expectations on trust and psychological contract. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 781–798.
King, N. (2004). Using templates in the thematic analysis of text. Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research, 2, 256-270.
Kominfo. (2020). Makin Indonesia 4.0: Gerakan Nasional Ekonomi Digital.
KrASIA. (2020). The Indonesian Start-up Ecosystem: Opportunities and Challenges. Retrieved from https://kr-asia.com/the-indonesian-start-up-ecosystem-opportunities-and-challenges
Kristeva, J. (1986). Word, dialogue, and novel. In T. Moi (Ed.), The Kristeva Reader (pp. 34–61). Columbia University Press.
Laulie, L., Tekleab, A. G., & Rousseau, D. M. (2023). Psychological Contracts at Different Levels: The Cross-Level and Comparative Multilevel Effects of Team Psychological Contract Fulfillment. Group & Organization Management, 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011231203365
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage Publications.
Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K. M., Guest, G., & Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector's Field Guide. Family Health International.
Mahapatra, G. P., Bhullar, N., & Gupta, P. (2022). Gen Z: An Emerging Phenomenon. NHRD Network Journal, 15(2), 246-256. DOI: 10.1177/26314541221077137.
Martin, C. A. (2005). Generational differences in workplace behavior. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(2), 301-314.
Morrison, E. W., & Robinson, S. L. (1997). When Employees Feel Betrayed: A Model of How Psychological Contract Violation Develops. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 226–256. https://doi.org/10.2307/259230
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological Research Methods. Sage.
Neto, A. (2018). Employee termination: A review and future research agenda. Employee Relations, 40(4), 618-635.
Norbäck, Maria & Styhre, Alexander. (2021). On the precarity-spectrum: Exploring different levels of precariousness in market-mediated professional work. Management Revue.
Patel, N. (2017). A Comparative Study on Work Values and Job Satisfaction between Millennials and Generation Z. Journal of Management Development, 36(10), 1263-1272.
Pew Research Center. (2012). Teens, smartphones & texting. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2012/03/19/teens-smartphones-texting/
PWC Indonesia. (2020). Start-up Survei Indonesia 2020. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/id/en/publications/start-up-Survei-2020.html
Robinson, S.L. (1996) Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 574-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393868
Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements. Sage.
Rousseau, D. M., Hansen, S. D., & Tomprou, M. (2018). A dynamic phase model of psychological contract processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(9), 1081-1098. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2284
Savin, S., Suhomlinova, O., De Vita, L., & Marzi, G. (2022). The Emergence of Start-up Ecosystems in Global South: A Literature Review and Research Agenda. Sustainability, 14(2), 473.
Schutz, A. (1970). On phenomenology and social relations. University of Chicago Press.
Shopee Indonesia PHK 3 Persen Karyawannya. (2022, September 19). Tempo Bisnis. Retrieved from https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1635921/shopee-indonesia-phk-3-persen-karyawannya
Start-up Genome. (2020). Global Start-up Ecosystem Report 2020. Retrieved from https://start-upgenome.com/report/gser2020
Stremersch, S., & Landsman, V. (2020). Managing layoffs to improve organizational performance: Evidence from the global airline industry. Management Science, 66(8), 3495-3516.
Thompson, D. (2018). The Unique Values and Needs of Generation Z in the Workplace. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(2), 273-281.
Tomprou, M., Rousseau, D. M., & Hansen, S. D. (2015). The psychological contracts of violation victims. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(4), 561-581. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1995
Tyler, K., & Wilkinson, A. (2007). Employee downsizing: justice, job satisfaction and the intended survivor's work effort. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(5), 876-891.
van Manen, M. (1997). Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315421056
Wisetsri, Worakamol & Lourens, Melanie & Cavaliere, Luigi Pio Leonardo & Chakravarthi, Kalyan & Nijhawan, Gitu & Nuhmani, Shibili. (2021). The Effect of Layoffs on the Performance of Survivors at Healthcare Organizations. 5574-5593.
Yang, S., & Lee, K. (2022). The intertextuality and interdiscursivity of “mirroring” in South Korean cyberfeminist posts. Discourse & Society, 33(5), 671–689. DOI: 10.1177/09579265221096028
Yasih, D. W. P. (2023). Normalizing and Resisting the New Precarity: A Case Study of the Indonesian Gig Economy. Critical Sociology, 49(4-5), 847-863. https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205221087130
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage publications.
Zahra, S. A., & Hashai, N. (2022). The effect of MNEs’ technology start-up acquisitions on small open economies’ entrepreneurial ecosystems. Journal of International Business Policy, 5, 277–295.




